Abstract:
:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1.5% of the global population over 65 years of age. A hallmark feature of PD is the degeneration of the dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the consequent striatal DA deficiency. Yet, the pathogenesis of PD remains unclear. Despite tremendous growth in recent years in our knowledge of the molecular basis of PD and the molecular pathways of cell death, important questions remain, such as: (1) why are SNc cells especially vulnerable; (2) which mechanisms underlie progressive SNc cell loss; and (3) what do Lewy bodies or α-synuclein reveal about disease progression. Understanding the variable vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons from the midbrain and the mechanisms whereby pathology becomes widespread are some of the primary objectives of research in PD. Animal models are the best tools to study the pathogenesis of PD. The identification of PD-related genes has led to the development of genetic PD models as an alternative to the classical toxin-based ones, but does the dopaminergic neuronal loss in actual animal models adequately recapitulate that of the human disease? The selection of a particular animal model is very important for the specific goals of the different experiments. In this review, we provide a summary of our current knowledge about the different in vivo models of PD that are used in relation to the vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain in the pathogenesis of PD.
journal_name
Front Neuroanatjournal_title
Frontiers in neuroanatomyauthors
Blesa J,Przedborski Sdoi
10.3389/fnana.2014.00155subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-12-15 00:00:00pages
155issn
1662-5129journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Why do neurons have dendritic spines? This question-the heart of what Yuste calls "the spine problem"-presupposes that why-questions of this sort have scientific answers: that empirical findings can favor or count against claims about why neurons have spines. Here we show how such questions can receive empirical answe...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00095
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abstract::Non-invasive in vivo neuroimaging techniques provide a wide array of possibilities to study human brain function. A number of approaches are available that improve our understanding of the anatomical location of brain activation patterns, including the development of probabilistic conversion tools to register individu...
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
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doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00166
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abstract::Anatomically distinct areas within the basal ganglia encode flexible- and stable-value memories for visual objects (Hikosaka et al., 2014), but an important question remains: do they receive inputs from the same or different brain areas or neurons? To answer this question, we first located flexible and stable value-co...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
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doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00106
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abstract::Human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold a large potential for disease modeling. hiPSC-derived human astrocyte and neuronal cultures permit investigations of neural signaling pathways with subcellular resolution. Combinatorial cultures, and three-dimensional (3-D) embryonic bodies (EBs) enlarge the scope o...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00077
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abstract::Although the olfactory sense has always been considered with less interest than the visual, auditive or somatic senses, it does plays a major role in our ordinary life, with important implication in dangerous situations or in social and emotional behaviors. Traditional Diffusion Tensor signal model and related tractog...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00032
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abstract::Dendritic spines are key components of a variety of microcircuits and they represent the majority of postsynaptic targets of glutamatergic axon terminals in the brain. The present article will focus on the discovery of dendritic spines, which was possible thanks to the application of the Golgi technique to the study o...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00014
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abstract::Analyses of mice carrying a deletion of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR have allowed identifying p75NTR as an important structural regulator of the hippocampus. Most of the previous analyses were done using p75NTR (ExIII) knockout mice which still express the short isoform of p75NTR. To scrutinize the role of p75...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00063
更新日期:2015-05-27 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article on p. 99 in vol. 9, PMID: 26300740.]. ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00146
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abstract::Birds use various vocalizations to communicate with one another, and some are acquired through learning. So far, three families of birds (songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds) have been identified as having vocal learning ability. Previously, we found that cadherins, a large family of cell-adhesion molecules, show voc...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00028
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abstract::Most terrestrial animals demonstrate an autonomic reflex that facilitates survival during prolonged submersion under water. This diving response is characterized by bradycardia, apnea and selective increases in peripheral vascular resistance. Stimulation of the nose and nasal passages is thought to be primarily respon...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00085
更新日期:2018-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::A60, the mouse monoclonal antibody against the neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), is the most widely used neuronal marker in neuroscience research and neuropathological assays. Previous studies identified fragments of A60-immunoprecipitated protein as Synapsin I (Syn I), suggesting the antibody will demonstrate cross im...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2016.00054
更新日期:2016-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::Gestational exposure to valproic acid (VPA) is known to cause behavioral deficits of sociability, matching similar alterations in human autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Available data are scarce on the neuromorphological changes in VPA-exposed animals. Here, we focused on alterations of the dopaminergic system, which i...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2020.00029
更新日期:2020-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::Hibernating mammals undergo torpor periods characterized by a general decrease in body temperature, metabolic rate, and brain activity accompanied by complex adaptive brain changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme conditions of hypoxia and low temperatures. These processes are accompanied by morphological...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00092
更新日期:2019-11-19 00:00:00
abstract::Sevoflurane is widely used in adult and pediatric patients during clinical surgeries. Although studies have shown that exposure to sevoflurane impairs solfactory memory after an operation, the neuropathological changes underlying this effect are not clear. This study detected the effect of sevoflurane exposure on the ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2016.00072
更新日期:2016-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::Onuf's nucleus is a small group of neurons located in the ventral horns of the sacral spinal cord. The motor neurons (MNs) of Onuf's nucleus innervate striated voluntary muscles of the pelvic floor and are histologically and biochemically comparable to the other somatic spinal MNs. However, curiously, these neurons al...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2020.572013
更新日期:2020-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::A subset of monoamine neurons releases glutamate as a cotransmitter due to presence of the vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT2 or VGLUT3. In addition to mediating vesicular loading of glutamate, it has been proposed that VGLUT3 enhances serotonin (5-HT) vesicular loading by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMA...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2016.00039
更新日期:2016-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical calretinin (CR)-expressing interneurons represent a heterogeneous subpopulation of about 10-30% of GABAergic interneurons, which altogether total ca. 12-20% of all cortical neurons. In the rodent neocortex, CR cells display different somatodendritic morphologies ranging from bipolar to multipolar but the bipo...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00052
更新日期:2014-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::Brain tissue contains autofluorescing elements that potentially impede accurate identification of neurons when visualized with fluorescent microscopy. Age-related accumulation of molecules with autofluorescent properties, such as lipofuscin, can possess spectral profiles that invade the typical emission range of fluor...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00073
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00072
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00102
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00042
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00009
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00065
更新日期:2014-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::The olfactory bulb (OB) of mammals receives cholinergic afferents from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB). At present, the synaptic connectivity of the cholinergic axons on the circuits of the OB has only been investigated in the rat. In this report, we analyze the synaptic connectivity of the cho...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00028
更新日期:2015-03-17 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00030
更新日期:2018-05-03 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00100
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