Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To assess adjustment practices for primary outcomes of randomized controlled trials and their impact on the results. DESIGN:Meta-epidemiologic study. DATA SOURCES:25 biomedical journals with the highest impact factor according to Journal Citation Reports 2009. STUDY SELECTION:Randomized controlled trials published in print in 2009 that reported primary outcomes. The search yielded 684 eligible papers of randomized controlled trials, of which 200 were randomly selected. DATA EXTRACTION:Two researchers independently extracted data on study population, intervention, primary outcome, and the adjustment plan for primary outcomes. They also recorded the magnitude and statistical significance of the intervention effect with and without adjustments, and estimated whether adjustment made a difference in the level of nominal significance. They also compared the analysis plan for model adjustment in the published trial versus the trial protocol with information on the protocol collected from registries, design papers, and communication with all corresponding authors. RESULTS:54% of the trials used stratified randomization, 96% presented baseline characteristics in the compared arms, and 46% also evaluated differences in baseline factors with statistical testing. Half of the trials performed adjusted analyses for the main outcome, as the sole analysis (29%) or along with unadjusted analyses (21%). Adjustment for stratification variables and for baseline variables was performed in 39% (42/108) and 42% (84/199) of the trials, respectively. Among 40 comparisons with both adjusted and unadjusted analyses, 43% had statistically significant effects, 40% had non-significant effects, and 18% had significant effects with only one of the two analyses, but not with the other. Information on analysis plan regarding model adjustment was available in 6% (9/162) of trial registry entries, 78% (21/27) of design papers, and 74% (40/54) of protocols obtained from authors. The analysis plan disagreed between the published trial and the registry, protocol, or design paper in 47% (28/60) of the studies. CONCLUSIONS:There is large diversity on whether and how analyses of primary outcomes are adjusted in randomized controlled trials and these choices can sometimes change the nominal significance of the results. Registered protocols should explicitly specify adjustments plans for main outcomes and analysis should follow these plans.
journal_name
BMJjournal_title
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)authors
Saquib N,Saquib J,Ioannidis JPdoi
10.1136/bmj.f4313subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-07-12 00:00:00pages
f4313eissn
0959-8138issn
1756-1833journal_volume
347pub_type
杂志文章,meta分析,评审abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Comparison of four layer bandage system with traditional adhesive plaster bandaging in terms of (a) compression achieved and (b) healing of venous ulcers. DESIGN:Part of larger randomised trial of five different dressings. SETTING:Outpatient venous ulcer clinic in university hospital. PATIENTS:(a) Pr...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6657.1159
更新日期:1988-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::Objective To determine the efficacy of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) for healing of fracture or osteotomy.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and trial registries up to November 2016.Study selection Randomized contro...
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更新日期:2017-02-22 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the effects on independence in older people needing rehabilitation in a locality based community hospital compared with care on a ward for elderly people in a district general hospital. DESIGN:Randomised controlled trial. SETTING:Care in a community hospital and district general hospital in Bra...
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.38498.387569.8F
更新日期:2005-08-06 00:00:00
abstract::The results of the work of the Edinburgh Rehabilitation Medicine Service in one year were evaluated. Over 1400 new patients were seen, of whom 525 were in hospital at the time. Patients most often referred were those who had had cardiovascular accidents, back pain, lower limb amputations, and head injuries and those c...
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1988-09-03 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine changes in primary care in London in the 11 years since the Acheson report on primary health care in inner London. DESIGN:Analysis of key data from the family health services authority performance indicators and from the Department of Health; study of trends since the time of the Acheson report; e...
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更新日期:1992-11-07 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To measure the prevalence of breast feeding and to examine the value of using information collected on Guthrie cards (used for detecting inherited metabolic disease and hypothyroidism when newborn infants are 7 days old) to calculate this prevalence. DESIGN:Analysis, by geographical area and maternity unit, ...
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更新日期:1994-03-26 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of a two year exercise programme of progressive balance retraining in reducing injurious falls among women aged 75-85 at increased risk of falls and injuries and living in the community. DESIGN:Pragmatic multicentre, two arm, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. SETTING:2...
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期:2006-05-20 00:00:00
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更新日期:1991-12-14 00:00:00
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.38558.393669.E0
更新日期:2005-09-03 00:00:00
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1988-10-22 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2012-12-14 00:00:00
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更新日期:2006-12-09 00:00:00
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6812.1247
更新日期:1991-11-16 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7075.203
更新日期:1997-01-18 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2009-01-30 00:00:00
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更新日期:1994-02-26 00:00:00
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更新日期:2018-03-05 00:00:00
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更新日期:1995-02-25 00:00:00
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更新日期:2001-07-14 00:00:00
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更新日期:2004-07-17 00:00:00
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doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1451
更新日期:2001-06-16 00:00:00
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更新日期:1989-09-09 00:00:00
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更新日期:1999-02-20 00:00:00
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更新日期:1999-11-20 00:00:00
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