Abstract：
:The use of confidence intervals has become standard in the presentation of statistical results in medical journals. Calculation of confidence limits can be straightforward using the normal approximation with an estimate of the standard error, and in particular cases exact solutions can be obtained from published tables. However, for a number of commonly used measures in epidemiology and clinical research, formulae either are not available or are so complex that calculation is tedious. The author describes how an approach to confidence interval estimation which has been used in certain specific instances can be generalized to obtain a simple and easily understood method that has wide applicability. The technique is applicable as long as the measure for which a confidence interval is required can be expressed as a monotonic function of a single parameter for which the confidence limits are available. These known confidence limits are substituted into the expression for the measure--giving the required interval. This approach makes fewer distributional assumptions than the use of the normal approximation and can be more accurate. The author illustrates his technique by calculating confidence intervals for Levin's attributable risk, some measures in population genetics, and the "number needed to be treated" in a clinical trial. Hitherto the calculation of confidence intervals for these measures was quite problematic. The substitution method can provide a practical alternative to the use of complex formulae when performing interval estimation, and even in simpler situations it has major advantages.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Daly LEdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009523subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-04-15 00:00:00pages
783-90issue
8eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
147pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Nutritional conditions in early life may affect adult health, but prior studies of mortality have been limited to small samples. We evaluated the relationship between pre-/perinatal famine exposure during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 and mortality through age 63 years among 41,096 men born in 1944-1947 and exa...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115146
更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113979
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115578
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh055
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114535
更新日期：1987-02-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116992
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doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114493
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
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doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117357
更新日期：1995-05-15 00:00:00
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doi：10.1093/aje/kwp265
更新日期：2009-11-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008970
更新日期：1996-09-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114318
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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doi：10.1093/aje/kwm217
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112061
更新日期：1974-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009822
更新日期：1999-02-15 00:00:00
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更新日期：2009-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：1998-11-15 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008934
更新日期：1996-08-15 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2005-06-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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更新日期：2012-08-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
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doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113644
更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115711
更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship of the risk of cancer and death to total serum cholesterol was studied in a random population sample from two counties of Eastern Finland. Data on total serum cholesterol were recorded between February and April 1972 for 3745 men and 4221 women aged 30 to 59 years who had no history of cancer, diabete...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113445
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
