Abstract：
:This commentary considers modulation as a factor of potential biological importance in assessment of risk of radiofrequency (RF) energy emitted by communications systems and other technologies. Modulation introduces a spread of frequencies into a carrier waveform, but in nearly all cases this spread is small compared to the frequency of the carrier. Consequently, any nonthermal (field-dependent) biological effects related to modulation must result from interaction mechanisms that are fast enough to produce a response at radiofrequencies. Despite considerable speculation, no such mechanisms have been established. While a variety of modulation-dependent biological effects of RF energy have been reported, few such effects have been independently confirmed. Some widely discussed effects, for example a reported modulation-dependent effect of RF fields on the efflux of calcium from brain tissue, remain controversial with no established biological significance. The lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying such effects prevents any assessment of their significance for communications signals with complex modulation characteristics. Future research should be directed at confirmation and mechanistic understanding of reported biological effects related to modulation. While modulation should be considered in the design of risk studies involving communications-type signals, it should not compromise other aspects of good study design, such as maintaining adequate statistical power and identifying dose-response relationships.
journal_name
Radiat Resjournal_title
Radiation researchauthors
Foster KR,Repacholi MHdoi
10.1667/rr3191subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-08-01 00:00:00pages
219-25issue
2eissn
0033-7587issn
1938-5404journal_volume
162pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Exposure of the major salivary glands to ionizing radiation often results in severe alterations in structure and function. The mechanism of these effects is still unknown, and no adequate prevention or treatment is yet available. The purpose of this study was to examine a mechanism based on the assumption that redox-a...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This work provides a description of a new interaction, cross-section-based model for radiation-induced cellular inactivation, sublethal damage, DNA repair and cell survival, with the ability to more accurately elucidate different radiation-response phenomena. The principal goal of this work is to describe the damage-i...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/RADE-20-00052.1
更新日期：2020-09-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Vascular change by the combined treatments of radiation and hyperthermia was studied. The legs of rats were irradiated with 2000 rad of X rays in a single dose and heated at 43.0 degrees C for 1 hr at various times after irradiation, and the blood flow and vascular volume in the skin and muscle were determined with 12...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chomentowski, M., Kellerer, A. M. and Pierce, D. A. Radiation Dose Dependences in the Atomic Bomb Survivor Cancer Mortality Data: A Model-Free Visualization. The standard approach to obtaining nominal risk coefficients for radiation-related cancer involves fitting linear or linear-quadratic dose-response functions. Th...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0289:rddita]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes irradiated in vitro with X rays generated at a tube voltage of 29 kV was examined to assess the maximum low-dose RBE (RBE(M)) relative to higher-energy X rays or 60Co gamma rays. Since blood was taken from the same male donor whose blood had been used for pr...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0771:teokxr]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have developed a new detection method for measuring distributions of energy depositions from particles characterized by low linear energy transfers (LETs). In particular, we have developed a detection system to measure energy depositions produced by electrons and photons on nanometer scales. The detector is based u...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To examine the role of radiation energy deposition in DNA on cellular effects, we investigated the ability of 125IdUrd and 131IdUrd to kill cells and induce mutations at the hprt locus. We employed human lymphoblastoid cells proficient (TK6) or deficient (SE30) in the ability to incorporate a thymidine analog into DNA...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current status of particle radiotherapy from a historical perspective is presented. This is done with a personal view and contains personal references and memories during the development of particle radiotherapy. The particles covered are fast neutrons, neutron capture therapy, protons, helium ions, pions and heav...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The filter elution technique using nondenaturing conditions is widely used to assay DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and repair. It has been reported that in the measurement of strand breaks higher rates of elution and of initial rejoining are obtained at pH 9.6 compared to pH 7.2. In the present experiments ne...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alteration of adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells has a direct connection with ionizing radiation-induced atherosclerosis, which is an adverse effect observed after radiotherapy. However, minimal attention has been given to monocytes/macrophages role in atherosclerosis development, which are exposed to t...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/RR3119.1
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A method was used to detect chromosome inversions as apparent or false sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in the first mitosis after gamma irradiation of human G0 cells. Dose-response relationships for small inversions have not been measured and reported previously, but it has been assumed that these are induced with a...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To characterize the role of the cerebrovascular response in the development of brain injury after focal irradiation, 125I sources were implanted in frontal white matter of the brain of normal dogs; dose was 20 Gy, 7.5 mm from the source. Cerebral blood flow, vascular volume and mean transit time of blood were quantifi...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A dose of heat which renders 98% of a population of Chinese hamster ovary cells reproductively dead has no significant effect on their Na+, K+, or Mg2+ content by 28 h postheat. In contrast, the cellular Ca2+ content increases in a dose-dependent manner as observed at 22 h after heating for 15-35 min at 45 degrees C. ...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The goal of this study was to make a comparison between stereotactic brachytherapy implants and linear accelerator-based radiosurgery of brain tumors with respect to physical dose distributions and radiobiological efficacy. Twenty-four treatment plans made for irradiation of brain tumors with low-dose-rate (125)I brac...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/RR3529.1
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 155 primary bone sarcomas were found in 131 of the 246 beagles injected with 226Ra and 5 primary bone sarcomas were found in 4 of the 158 unexposed controls. Of these 155 bone sarcomas, 146 (94%) were osteosarcomas and 9 were non-osteosarcomas. An additional 31 primary bone sarcomas (28 osteosarcomas) devel...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To evaluate the function of the reticuloendothelial system and macrophage-monocyte system, blood samples from Thorotrast patients and age-matched healthy controls were used to determine the titer of plasma antibodies to lipid A and the numbers of several lymphocyte subclasses in peripheral blood and for an autoradiogr...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chinese hamster V79 cells show a complex X-ray survival response which is characterized by hypersensitivity followed by increased resistance as the dose increases to 1 Gy. This hypersensitivity can be eliminated by pretreating cells with X rays or hydrogen peroxide. Accordingly, the protective effect that results from...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine whether systemic administration of MnSOD-PL protected mice from the acute hematopoietic syndrome and delayed death after total-body irradiation (TBI), C57BL/ 6J mice were injected intravenously with 100 microl liposomes containing 100 microg of human MnSOD-transgene plasmid 24 h prior to irradiation with ...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/rr1286.1
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microwave radiation produces hyperthermia. The mammalian thermoregulatory system defends against changes in temperature by mobilizing diverse control mechanisms. Neurotransmitters play a major role in eliciting thermoregulatory responses. The involvement of adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors was investiga...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypoadrenocorticism, known as Addison's disease in humans, was diagnosed in six beagles after inhalation of at least 1.7 kBq/g lung of 238PuO2. Histological examination of adrenal gland specimens obtained at necropsy revealed marked adrenal cortical atrophy in all cases. Autoradiographs showed only slight alpha-partic...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tissue ablation by ultraviolet excimer lasers results in exposure of viable cells to subablative doses of radiation. To understand the potential biological consequences better, we have studied changes in gene expression in cultured human skin fibroblasts exposed to either 193- or 248-nm laser light. Northern blot anal...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been acknowledged for many years that radiation exposure induces delayed, non-targeted effects in the progeny of the irradiated cell. Evidence is beginning to demonstrate that among these delayed effects of radiation are epigenetic aberrations, including altered DNA methylation. To test the hypothesis that diff...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/RR2390.1
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The radiation environment in low-Earth orbit is a complex mixture of galactic cosmic radiation, particles of trapped belts and secondary particles generated in both the spacecraft and Earth's atmosphere. Infrequently, solar energetic particles are injected into the Earth's magnetosphere and can penetrate into low-Eart...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although conclusive evidence has been obtained for the presence of radiation-induced bystander effects, the mechanisms that trigger and regulate these processes are still largely unknown. The bystander effect may play a critical role in determining the biological effectiveness of low-dose exposures, but questions on h...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/rr3319
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The model of radiation action that is presented relates the surviving fraction of irradiated cells to unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The following assumptions are made in the model: (i) A DNA fragment created by the induced DSBs may move out of its chromosome (become lost), and the probability of that pro...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experimental data from laboratory animals indicate that the same extent of DNA damage or the same mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in different hosts result in widely differing cancer development because of numerous polymorphic tumor susceptibility genes. Similarly, recent epidemiological data indicat...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1667/rr3333.1
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It was reported by others that hands-free accessories increase the absorption of RF energy in a human head compared to a handset alone. The results of this study show that the opposite is observed when proper dosimetric methods are employed. It is pointed out that for correct estimation of the exposure level it is nec...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0550:eotsit]2.0.co;2
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine the linear energy transfer (LET) dependence of the biological effects of densely ionizing radiation in relation to changes in the ionization density along the track, we measured the yields and spectrum of clustered DNA damages induced by charged particles of different atomic number but similar kinetic ene...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1667/RR2093.1
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Technological developments in radiation therapy and other cancer therapies have led to a progressive increase in five-year survival rates over the last few decades. Although acute effects have been largely minimized by both technical advances and medical interventions, late effects remain a concern. Indeed, the need t...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1667/rr2530.1
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Total-body irradiation (TBI) induces an increase in levels of granulocytes and cortisol in blood. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we studied 26 patients who had TBI prior to bone marrow transplantation. Our findings suggest that only a high dose of TBI (10 Gy) was capable of activating the hypothalamo-pituitary ...
journal_title：Radiation research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
