Abstract:
:Genetic syndromes that convey a significant risk of breast cancer are responsible for a small but significant percentage of these cancers. However, the vast majority of breast cancers occur in women with no family history of the disease. Nongenetic risk factors include age, previous breast disease, breast tissue density, radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors, such as weight, exercise, and alcohol consumption. In this article, the authors outline genetic and other risk factors for breast cancer, explore risk-reduction strategies, and encourage primary care physicians to assess breast cancer risk in all their patients.
journal_name
Postgrad Medjournal_title
Postgraduate medicineauthors
Korde LA,Calzone KA,Zujewski Jdoi
10.3810/pgm.2004.10.1595subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-10-01 00:00:00pages
6-8, 11-4, 19-20issue
4eissn
0032-5481issn
1941-9260journal_volume
116pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Elective resection and prosthetic graft replacement of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms 5 cm or more in diameter are dependable measures to counter the formidable threat of rupture. Operative mortality should be less than 5% among patients without severe associated disease. Those patients who have large aneurys...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1977.11712114
更新日期:1977-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Why do some people spend most of the night tossing and turning while others drop off as quickly as a cat in the sun? There are many possible explanations for problems with falling and staying asleep and, sometimes, patients actually get a lot more sleep than they think they do. Each type of insomnia has its own set of...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3810/pgm.2000.03.935
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aspiration results from abnormal structure or from dysfunction during the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal stage of deglutition. Chemically induced inflammation of the lungs and obstruction of the airways may ensue. Feeding and swallowing problems may occur at any age, but they are particularly prevalent in the elderly...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.1992.11701398
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::When a patient presents with involuntary weight loss, the etiologic considerations can be overwhelming. To plan a cost-effective workup, physicians need to be aware of the most common causes of weight loss and the tests that yield the most pertinent data. Drs Wise and Craig review the clinical studies on unintentional...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::When ascites is the presenting symptom and the underlying disease is not apparent, the physician must be aware of the various diseases that may be associated with the accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity and the various approaches that are available to aid in the differential diagnosis. ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1977.11712201
更新日期:1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preview Practical assessment of the functional and support factors affecting quality of life in older patients should be an integral part of medical management. This approach allows physicians to focus on remediable problems that compromise patients' daily functioning and may hinder them from living independently. In ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1996.11946120
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oat cell carcinoma is the one variety of primary lung cancer which is sufficiently responsive to a variety of drugs and drug combinations that a very high rate of response and significant prolongation of survival can be consistently achieved. The question of whether anyone has been "cured" by drug treatment awaits mor...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1978.11714758
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most changes that occur in the aging face are related to gravity working on skin that is becoming progressively thinner, drier, and less elastic. Exposure to sunlight hastens these changes, and protection from the sun is the only proved way to delay them. Dermabrasion, chemabrasion, and collagen implant (Zyderm) injec...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1984.11698794
更新日期:1984-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Beta-blockers (beta-blockers) have demonstrated their value across the cardiovascular disease spectrum. Beta-blockers effectively lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension and provide symptomatic or mortality benefits in patients with heart failure and in post-myocardial infarction patients. However, despite ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.01.1951
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased markedly over past decades due to the aging of the worldwide population. Despite the progress in the prevention and treatment, the cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality remain high among patients with CKD. Although CKD is a progressive and irreversible...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1481714
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Solitary pulmonary nodules are usually identified on routine chest radiographs in asymptomatic patients. Most nodules have a benign cause, but bronchogenic carcinoma, metastases, and other malignant processes are important causes as well and must be excluded in differential diagnosis. Plain chest radiography, computed...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scleroderma is no longer the diagnostic or therapeutic dilemma it previously was. New diagnostic techniques facilitate earlier diagnosis, and many symptoms are amenable to treatment. ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1981.11715861
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because rates of both opioid prescribing and opioid abuse have increased, drug companies have responded by considering strategies to make opioid formulations less attractive for abuse without compromising safety or efficacy for patients with legitimate pain management needs. The emergence of tamper-resistant opioid fo...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3810/pgm.2012.09.2588
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Symptomatic treatment of transient insomnias is advisable, for without treatment these sleep disorders may become persistent. The drugs of choice are the benzodiazepine hypnotics, which have minimal side effects when used for short periods in properly selected patients. The three such drugs currently available in the ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1984.11698665
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been practiced for over a century, further study into methods for reviving victims of cardiac arrest is obviously needed. We now know that standard external CPR has numerous drawbacks, and modifications must be tested in a careful, randomized fashion. Three alternatives...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1987.11699729
更新日期:1987-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::The complexity of coding in the auditory nerve makes it unlikely that a prosthesis for deaf persons can exactly duplicate the normal function of the ear. With recent advances, however, cochlear prostheses can perform some of the frequency-analysis functions of the normal ear. Cochlear prostheses are effective aids to ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1984.11698797
更新日期:1984-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past decade, despite the controversies surrounding prostate cancer screening, significant refinements have improved its application. PSA screening, although it has been questioned, appears to confer a mortality benefit and remains the most effective way to identify the possible presence of prostate cancer. Me...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.2020.1822067
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 15-year-old boy who had sharp pains in the right side of the chest and was unable to breathe deeply was tentatively diagnosed as having congenital cystic disease of the lung on the basis of chest x-ray studies and bronchography. The diagnosis was confirmed after thoracotomy and right lower lobectomy, carried out bec...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1984.11697960
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Food and Drug Administration's approval of the excimer laser in 1995 heralded the age of laser refractive surgery in the United States. Since then, other advances in refractive surgery have spurred great public interest in and enthusiasm for these procedures. In this article, the authors review the major types of ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3810/pgm.1999.09.683
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Septic shock is a multisystem disorder that represents the host's response to microbial invasion in its most fulminant form. One of the critical defects is a widespread inability to use available substrate for energy production. Endogenous mediators, particularly the cytokines, appear to play an essential role in this...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.1989.11704384
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used to treat inflammatory pain for decades. More recently, newer NSAIDs were developed to target the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2, with the aim of reducing gastrointestinal toxicity. While the COX-2 selective inhibitors were effective...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1412799
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:There is limited and contradictory information regarding the role of serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In this study we examine the effects of OSA and obesity on IMA and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and detect whether IMA and IL-6 may be potential biomarkers in OSA. METHODS:Fi...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.2016.1203237
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systolic hypertension, especially isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is very common in older subjects aged ≥ 65 years and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), strokes, heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is also, directly and linearly related with these complications irrespect...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1433434
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is quickly emerging as a global epidemic in parallel with the rise in obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. NAFLD, once seen simply as a passive consequence of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), has been found to interact with other features of MetS to exacerbate insulin resistance, ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.2019.1546532
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Overuse syndrome and peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes arise in work situations in which the body is stressed beyond its limits by cumulative, repetitive trauma. These syndromes arise in some nonwork situations as well. When such an injury occurs, prompt diagnosis, treatment, and retraining aid in returning the em...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1987.11700031
更新日期:1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::By being aware of which patients are at high risk for ingestion or insertion of foreign bodies, physicians can be on the lookout for objects in the gastrointestinal tract and ready to institute initial care. Esophageal foreign bodies and other objects that increase the chance of perforation or obstruction may require ...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1992.11701481
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a case of rheumatic disease, the patient's history and a careful physical examination should yield most of the information needed to identify the specific disorder present. A convenient classification is based on four differentiating features: number of joints affected, acuteness or chronicity of disease, absence o...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1976.11708414
更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug-induced jaundice is relatively uncommon but can be a diagnostic puzzle. Because so many pharmaceutical classes and individual agents can produce jaundice, a thorough history of medications taken should be obtained from a patient presenting with jaundice. Jaundice usually resolves when the offending agent is disco...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.1988.11700445
更新日期:1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A young man with exertional dyspnea, maculopapular skin lesions, and generalized lymphadenopathy was found to have a posterior mediastinal density on a chest roentgenogram. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed on the basis of lymph node and skin biopsy findings, and corticosteroid therapy was started. After six months of treatme...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/00325481.1982.11715957
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains obscure, epidemiologic investigation suggests that environmental factors encountered years before onset could be responsible. Studies elucidating age-specific onset curves, worldwide distribution, epidemics, clustering, and risk of contraction after migration are cons...
journal_title:Postgraduate medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/00325481.1989.11700620
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00