Abstract：
:Olfactory loss can occur through accidental exposure, poor industrial hygiene, or exposure to low levels of toxins in the ambient air over long periods. This loss can lead to transient olfactory disorders, irreversible anosmia, temporary olfactory fatigue, or industrial anosmia. Inevitably, a practicing otolaryngologist will encounter a patient with complaints of decreased smell and taste that initially may be difficult to diagnose and treat. Much of the challenge in evaluating a patient with disturbances of olfaction is in obtaining adequate quantitative measurements of sensory dysfunction and identifying a source for the olfactory loss. Although there is no particular test for environmental toxins as a source of olfactory loss, an accurate cause can be determined by obtaining a careful, detailed history. A significant exposure history and lack of more common causes of olfactory loss strengthens an argument for environmental toxins as an etiology. Unfortunately, no available treatments can reverse permanent damage caused by toxic exposure, but removal from the source of toxins may allow for repair of the olfactory system and return of normal function, especially in acute exposures. Despite the increasing number of studies investigating toxic exposure on olfactory function, these effects are understood poorly. With continued study of human exposure to these substances and the use of animal models, the mechanisms by which damage occurs will be understood better and new approaches for diagnosis and treatment will be developed. Furthermore, with increasing regulations of occupational environments and stricter policies on industrial air pollution, olfactory dysfunction secondary to toxicity should become less prevalent.
journal_name
Otolaryngol Clin North Amjournal_title
Otolaryngologic clinics of North Americaauthors
Upadhyay UD,Holbrook EHdoi
10.1016/j.otc.2004.05.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-12-01 00:00:00pages
1185-207issue
6eissn
0030-6665issn
1557-8259pii
S0030666504001045journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Maxillary sinus disease often is exacerbated by a laterally displaced uncinate process that functionally obstructs the infundibulum and the natural ostium. The drainage pathway may be adequate during periods of wellness but with the introduction of nasal edema, the ostium/infundibulum interface is inadequate, thus pre...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Facial nerve dysfunction after resection of a vestibular schwannoma is one of the most common indications for facial nerve habilitation. This article presents an overview of common and emerging management options for facial habilitation following resection of a vestibular schwannoma. Immediate and delayed nerve repair...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2011.12.015
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The carbon dioxide laser has been used in a variety of otolaryngologic conditions. Its specific advantages have particularly lent themselves to its use in the airway. The role of laser endoscopic treatment in subglottic and tracheal stenosis will continue to expand and aid in the successful management of these difficu...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The anatomy and physiology of the act of swallowing is complex. Because the swallowing mechanism matures with age, it is important to understand this maturation process from neonate to older child to appreciate the impact of this changing physiology on pediatric swallowing disorders. This article reviews the relevant ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0030-6665(05)70060-8
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Audiometric evaluation in conjunction with other components of the hearing conservation program serves to minimize the potential hazard of noise related hearing loss. Success of the industrial hearing conservation program rests in large measure with the implementation of competent audiometric testing procedures. Thus,...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article details clinical reports and studies of ototoxicity associated with the administration of erythromycin and its analogues. Suspected mechanisms of ototoxicity also are discussed. Ototoxicity due to erythromycin appears to be clearly dose related. ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mechanical endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) involves the creation of a large rhinostomy and the preservation of lacrimal and nasal mucosa. It replicates the main advantages of the external approach to DCR using minimally invasive techniques. A thorough knowledge of intranasal anatomy and the close collaboration o...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2006.07.007
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Comprehensive physical examination is essential when evaluating patients. Often it includes objective voice assessment and measures along with strobovideolaryngoscopy. In all cases physical examination involves a thorough examination of the ears, nose, throat, neck, posture, cranial nerve function (usually), and asses...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2007.05.004
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endoscope has transformed the way we observe, understand, and treat chronic ear disease. Improved view, exclusive transcanal techniques, assessment of ventilation routes and mastoid tissue preservation have led to decreased morbidity and functional enhancement of minimally invasive reconstruction of the middle ear...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2016.05.016
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses is an insidious and relentless disease with a notoriously poor prognosis. Our diagnostic approach and treatment philosophy are outlined. The more recent results are also presented. ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Management of head and neck cancer in the elderly patient is particularly challenging given the high morbidity associated with treatment. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have all been demonstrated as effective in older patients; however, older patients are more susceptible to treatment-induced toxicity, which ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2018.03.004
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) contributes to the development of many otolaryngologic symptoms and conditions, including chronic throat clearing, cough, sore throat, contact ulcer and granuloma, globus pharyngeus, cervical dysphagia, cancer of the larynx, subglottic stenosis, and cricoarytenoid arthritis. Thes...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) is a subtype of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) characterized by type I hypersensitivity, nasal polyposis, characteristic computed tomography scan findings, eosinophilic mucus, and the presence of fungus on surgical specimens without evidence of tissue invasion. This refractor...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2012.03.003
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was the first surgical procedure described, other than tracheostomy, for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in 1981. It was recognized then that there were responders who were cured of OSA with the procedure and others that were not. It took many years for a staging system to be d...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2016.07.011
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Assessment of the nose is critical in evaluating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) because the nose plays an important role in the physiology of sleep by regulating nasal airway resistance and stimulating ventilation. Nasal obstruction is common in sleep apnea, contributes to OSA, and interferes with tolerance of OSA trea...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2020.02.002
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The best management of advanced head and neck tumors invading the carotid artery utilizes a collaborative, anticipatory approach. Preoperative characterization of the anatomy and extent of tumor involvement, coupled with the physiologic assessment of the cerebrovascular circulation through the variety of adjunctive st...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Meniere's disease can be observed uniquely in revisions of the conservative surgical procedure for endolymphatic sac enhancement, which preserves the labyrinth, unlike destructive procedures. Genetic anatomic abnormalities in patients lead to malabsorption of endolymph and symptoms of Meniere's that are reversed by en...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2006.03.001
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blunt, penetrating trauma to the ear, nose, and throat, and related structures are striking. Injuries may range from simple soft tissue wounds to complex injuries of the face, neck, and brain. Proximity of the cervical spine and airway complicate anesthetic management. A multidisciplinary approach is required. Airway ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2019.08.004
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Otolaryngologists deal primarily with the disorders of obstructive sleep apnea and primary snoring. It is important to realize that although these two disorders are common in the general population, they make up only a small segment of the entire field of sleep disorders medicine. This article attempts to introduce th...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0030-6665(05)70123-7
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Access to knowledge through the Internet has spawned a world of online learning, stimulating a new passion for lifelong learning in academia, professional environments, the workplace, and at home. This article takes a fresh look at the wide spectrum of opportunities for online medical education for physicians. We firs...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2007.07.007
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pharmacologic labyrinthectomy has become an alternative to surgery for treatment of severe Ménièr's disease. The use of systemic streptomycin has been replaced by intratympanal instillations of gentamicin that are administered once daily for a limited number of days. Gentamicin provides a high success rate for ablatio...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thyroid cancer represents the most common endocrine cancer, and rates have been increasing over the last 3 decades. The treatment of cervical metastases in well differentiated thyroid cancer remains in evolution. Many questions require further resolution. Unlike many other malignancies, most large studies have found t...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2008.06.002
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in prenatal imaging in the last 20 years have enabled prenatal diagnosis of obstructive head and neck masses. These advances, coupled with improvements in maternal-fetal anesthesia, have made possible the development of the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure for management of obstructive head and...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2014.09.013
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The problem of food sensitivity causing chronic disorders of the ear, nose, and throat has been a known fact for many years. Diagnosis and management of the problem are well within the abilities of any concerned otolaryngologist. Precise means of laboratory diagnosis are currently being developed and should aid us in ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Otosclerosis surgery is performed through a transcanal approach and requires long, thin instruments with submillimetric precision and precise amplitude of motion. The functional outcomes and complications of otosclerosis surgery depend on the experience of the surgeon. Thus, any technological assistance that can enhan...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.016
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neoplasms of the nasopharynx are rare in children, but they threaten the child's life when they do occur. The nasopharynx tends to harbor dysontogenetic neoplasms. After classification into benign and malignant groups, nasopharyngeal neoplasms in children can be further characterized according to the age of the patien...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article presents the evolution of current office-based surgery of the larynx, focusing on the development of the tools and techniques for these ambulatory procedures, including laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy, and current office-based interventions. Additionally, a historical timeline is presented for t...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.otc.2012.08.013
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wegener's granulomatosis is an idiopathic, granulomatous disease with the potential for multiple head and neck manifestations. The otolarygologist is an essential part of the multidisciplinary team involved in establishing the diagnosis and providing ongoing care for patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Diagnostic ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0030-6665(03)00023-9
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Sewall-Boyden flap, as used to reconstruct a frontal recess after frontoethmoidectomy, is conceptually similar to the endoscopic Lothrop procedure for surgical access to the frontal sinus. The operative technique, indications, and philosophy are presented in this article. ...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0030-6665(05)70303-0
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Community noise is reported to be the most often mentioned undesirable neighborhood condition in a recent U.S. Census survey. Understanding community response to noise involves the measurement of a number of complex acoustic and nonacoustic variables and establishing the chain of relationships between physical exposur...
journal_title：Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-08-01 00:00:00
