The effects of escape conditioning and shock intensity on responding during inescapable shock.

abstract：:Three pigeons pecked keys and 5 rats pressed levers for food delivered on variable-interval schedules. During baseline conditions, subjects responded on a variable-interval 40-s schedule throughout the session. During experimental conditions, the programmed rate of reinforcement changed every 10 min in the 50-min sess...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McSweeney FK,Weatherly JN,Swindell S

更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Impulsive choice can be defined as temporary preference for a smaller-sooner reward (SS) over a larger-later reward (LL). Hyperbolic discounting implies that impulsive choices will occur less when organisms choose between a series of SSs versus LLs all at once than when they choose between single SS versus LL pairs. E...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ainslie G,Monterosso JR

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current experiment examined whether adjusting-amount and adjusting-delay procedures provide equivalent measures of discounting. Pigeons' discounting on the two procedures was compared using a within-subject yoking technique in which the indifference point (number of pellets or time until reinforcement) obtained wi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Green L,Myerson J,Shah AK,Estle SJ,Holt DD

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons' responses in the presence of two concurrently available (initial-link) stimuli produced one of two different (terminal-link) stimuli according to identical but independent variable-interval schedules. Responses in the presence of each terminal-link stimulus produced equal frequencies of food reinforcement, bu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fantino E

更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A squirrel monkey was subjected to a fixed-interval pattern of reinforcement. During the course of each interval a bright white light was repeatedly presented. In the presence of the white light, a response was never immediately followed by food; the white light thus functioned as S(Delta). Responding was interrupted ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： DEWS PB

更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With concurrent chains arranged for a pigeon's key pecks, pecks on two concurrently available initial-link keys (left and right) respectively produce separately operating terminal links (A and B). Preferences for terminal link A over terminal link B are usually calculated as deviations of relative initial-link respons...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Cerutti DT,Catania AC

更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained under a discrete-trials detection procedure in which one of a set of color stimuli was presented on the center key and a single response turned off the stimulus and illuminated two side keys. Single responses to one or the other side key produced occasional reinforcers depending on the value of th...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davison M,McCarthy D

更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The sunk cost effect is the bias or tendency to persist in a course of action due to prior investments of effort, money or time. At the time of the only review on the sunk cost effect across species (Arkes & Ayton, 1999), research with nonhuman animals had been ecological in its nature, and the findings about the effe...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Magalhães P,Geoffrey White K

更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Discriminative responding in pigeons was studied under multiple variable-interval extinction and variable-ratio extinction schedules, as deprivation was varied. Generally, the greater the accuracy of discrimination that developed during training, the smaller the effect of deprivation upon subsequent performance. This ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Powell RW

更新日期：1971-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were trained in an analogue foraging procedure in which, by completing a travel requirement, they entered a "patch" in which a reinforcer might be available after an unpredictable time. They also had the opportunity, by emitting a defined response, to exit the patch and travel to another patch. Prey avail...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McCarthy D,Voss P,Davison M

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were given a small, immediate food reinforcement for pecking a key, and a larger, delayed reinforcement for not pecking this key. Most subjects pecked the key on more than 95% of trials. However, when pecking a differently colored key at an earlier time prevented this option from becoming available, three of 1...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ainslie GW

更新日期：1974-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When either a timeout period (darkening the response key) or a blackout period (darkening both chamber and response key) was alternated with a stimulus associated with variable-interval reinforcement, behavioral contrast was obtained. Either peck contrast or maintained contrast occurred, depending on whether or not re...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sadowsky S

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three pigeons were trained to discriminate a 5.0 mg/kg dose of pentobarbital from saline under a two-key concurrent schedule with responding on the key associated with the presession injection, under both stimulus conditions, producing four times as many reinforcers as responding on the other key. This concurrent sche...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Snodgrass SH,McMillan DE

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Subjects pressed a telegraph key to illuminate a meter dial on which pointer deflections appeared at fixed intervals. Upon detecting a deflection they were required to press another key to reset the pointer to zero. This detecting and resetting operation reinforced the behavior of pressing the light-flashing key (i.e....

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Laties VG,Weiss B

更新日期：1963-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Newly hatched ducklings were exposed to imprinting procedures and subsequently trained to peck a key by presenting the imprinting stimulus as the reinforcing (response-contingent) event. Individual ducklings then lived in the apparatus under an arrangement in which each peck produced a 15-sec stimulus presentation. Fo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hoffman HS,Kozma F Jr

更新日期：1967-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We investigated the effects of discriminative stimuli on choice in a highly variable environment using a procedure in which multiple two-key concurrent VI VI components changed every 10 reinforcers and were signaled by differential flashes of red and yellow keylights. Across conditions, five pigeons were exposed to a ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Krägeloh CU,Elliffe DM,Davison M

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rhesus monkeys were trained and tested in visual and auditory list-memory tasks with sequences of four travel pictures or four natural/environmental sounds followed by single test items. Acquisitions of the visual list-memory task are presented. Visual recency (last item) memory diminished with retention delay, and pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Wright AA

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This experiment compared descriptions of concurrent choice by the stay/switch model, which says choice is a function of the reinforcers obtained for staying at and for switching from each alternative, and the generalized matching law, which says choice is a function of the total reinforcers obtained at each alternativ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： MacDonall JS

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Task contingencies were modeled from bureaucratic organizations in which vague job descriptions provide incomplete contingency specifications. Response rates within dyads were examined using two nonsocial, two social, and two control contingencies. In the first social contingency, responses by the superior produced mo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rao RK,Mawhinney TC

更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck at a red key led to a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. A peck at a green key led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mazur JE

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recurrence of negatively reinforced responding of humans was studied in three experiments. In each experiment during Baseline, key-pressing produced 3-s timeouts from a requirement to exert finger pressure on a force cell according to variable- or fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, resurgence...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Alessandri J,Lattal KA,Cançado CR

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule which provided equally frequent reinforcement in the presence of two stimuli but which produced markedly different rates of key-pecking. Generalization gradients were displaced away from the stimulus associated with the lower rate of key-pecking. Another group of pigeons had...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Yarczower M,Gollub LR,Dickson JF

更新日期：1968-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Head orientation during auditory discriminations was studies in squirrel monkeys using a two-lever trial-by-trial procedure. Animals were studied using auditory discriminations based on the position of the sound and on the spectral content differences between a pure tone and a noise. After the percentage of correct re...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Harrison JM,Briggs RM

更新日期：1977-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between positive and negative reinforcement and the symmetry of Thorndike's law of effect are unresolved issues in operant psychology. Here we show that, for a given pattern of responding on variable interval (VI) schedules with the same programmed rate of food rewards (positive reinforcement VI) or e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mallpress DE,Fawcett TW,McNamara JM,Houston AI

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were required to complete varying numbers of licks (FR), ranging from 10 to 300, in order to free an activity wheel for predetermined times (CT) ranging from 2 to 20 sec. The reinforcement of drinking by running was shown both by an increased frequency of licking, and by changes in length of the burst of licking ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： PREMACK D,SCHAEFFER RW,HUNDT A

更新日期：1964-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sexual reinforcers are not part of a regulatory system involved in the maintenance of critical metabolic processes, they differ for males and females, they differ as a function of species and mating system, and they show ontogenetic and seasonal changes related to endocrine conditions. Exposure to a member of the oppo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Crawford LL,Holloway KS,Domjan M

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A reinforcement-switching procedure was used to produce negatively reinforced key pecking in pigeons. First, key pecking on a chain schedule (fixed-interval 10-sec variable-interval 60-sec) was conditioned using grain reinforcement. Second, intermittent shock in the initial link was introduced at a low intensity and g...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lewis P,Lewin L,Stoyak M,Muehleisen P

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human-observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of points via critical-signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WEINER H

更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Empirical investigations of humans, pigeons, rats, and monkeys have indicated that these species will select free over forced choice, even when faced with identical outcomes. However, the same has yet to be quantitatively confirmed in nonhuman great apes. This experiment is the first systematic investigation of prefer...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ritvo SE,MacDonald SE

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-Evans rats were exposed to a succession of conditioned-suppression procedures involving pairings of (1) signal-shock, (2) shock-signal, and (3) a signal-shock-signal sequence in which first and second signals were at first physically identical. Traditional suppression of food-reinforced responding was obtained un...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davis H,Memmott J,Hurwitz HM

更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00