Negatively reinforced key pecking.

abstract：:Lever pressing by squirrel monkeys was examined under second-order schedules of electric shock presentation in which different discriminative stimuli were associated with consecutive components (sequence schedules). Components were always two-minute fixed-interval schedules, and three different overall schedules were ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Gardner ML,Malagodi EF

更新日期：1981-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated the effect of observing responses that enabled college students to emit more efficient distributions of reinforced responses. In Experiment 1, the gains of response efficiency enabled by observing were minimized through use of identical low-effort response requirements in two alternating v...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Case DA,Fantino E,Wixted J

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study investigated the effects of positive and negative GABA(A) modulators under three different baselines of repeated acquisition in squirrel monkeys in which the monkeys acquired a three-response sequence on three keys under a second-order fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food reinforcement. In two of these ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Campbell UC,Winsauer PJ,Stevenson MW,Moerschbaecher JM

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Wilson and Hayes (1996) and Doughty, Kastner, and Bismark (2011) observed resurgence of past equivalence relations when newer equivalence relations were punished or extinguished, respectively. Their findings support the notion that deriving stimulus relations is a form of operant behavior. Although there is consensus ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Doughty AH,Leake LW,Stoudemire ML

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Discriminative responding in pigeons was studied under multiple variable-interval extinction and variable-ratio extinction schedules, as deprivation was varied. Generally, the greater the accuracy of discrimination that developed during training, the smaller the effect of deprivation upon subsequent performance. This ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Powell RW

更新日期：1971-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Observer monkeys were housed next to demonstrator monkeys that were conditioned to respond on a multiple reinforcement schedule whose components were fixed-ratio 32, variable-interval 3-min, and extinction 5-min followed by an additional 30 sec of extinction during which every response started a new 30-sec interval. A...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Myers WA

更新日期：1970-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were presented with multiple schedules of alternating 90-sec components. When components in which grain was never presented alternated with components in which grain was presented on a variable-interval schedule, the average rate of responding in the variable-interval components increased, showing overall posi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Buck SL,Rothstein B,Williams BA

更新日期：1975-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A value-like parameter is introduced into a rate equation for describing variable-interval performance. The equation, derived solely from formal considerations, expresses rate of responding as a joint function of rate of reinforcement and "reinforcer power." Preliminary tests of the rate equation show that it handles ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDowell JJ,Kessel R

更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is widely assumed that reinforcers are biologically relevant stimuli, or stimuli that have been associated with biologically relevant stimuli. However, brief, arbitrary stimuli have also been reported to have reinforcement-like effects, despite being unrelated to biologically relevant stimuli like food. The present...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bai JYH,Cowie S,Macaskill AC,Elliffe D,Podlesnik CA

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aversive shocks are known to produce aggression when the shocks are not dependent on behavior and to suppress behavior when the shocks are arranged as a dependent punisher. These two processes were studied by presenting non-dependent shock to monkeys at regular intervals, thereby producing biting attacks on a pneumati...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Azrin NH

更新日期：1970-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to a concurrent-chains schedule in which a single variable-interval 30-s schedule was used in the initial links and fixed-time schedules were used in the terminal links. Three types of keylight conditions were used in the terminal links. In the first condition, different delays were associated wit...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Omino T

更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous research has shown that Lewis rats make more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats. Such strain-related differences in choice are important as they may provide an avenue for exploring genetic and neurochemical contributions to impulsive choice. The present systematic replication was designed to determine if...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Madden GJ,Smith NG,Brewer AT,Pinkston JW,Johnson PS

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments assessed the impact of sample duration on pigeons' delayed matching as a function of whether or not the samples themselves signaled how long they would remain on. When duration was uncorrelated with the sample appearing on each matching trial, the typical effect of duration was observed: Choice accur...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Urcuioli PJ,DeMarse TB,Lionello KM

更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Much of the available literature on avoidance behavior is based on responses which require the animal to run, lever-press, or to make some active response to avoid noxious stimulation. The purpose of Experiment I reported in this paper was to determine whether animals can learn to sit or stand motionless in order to e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BINDRA D,ANCHEL H

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following up on articles recently published in this journal, the present contribution tells (some of) "the rest of the story" about the value of randomization in single-case intervention research investigations. Invoking principles of internal, statistical-conclusion, and external validity, we begin by emphasizing the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Levin JR,Kratochwill TR,Ferron JM

更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-sho...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jr

更新日期：1964-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Resurgence refers to the recurrence of an extinguished target behavior following subsequent suspension of alternative reinforcement. Delivery of reinforcers during extinction of alternative behavior has been shown to mitigate resurgence. The present experiment aimed to determine whether delivering stimuli associated w...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Craig AR,Browning KO,Shahan TA

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Analyses of free-operant choice usually employ one of two general procedures: the simple concurrent procedure (i.e., a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule) or the concurrent-chains procedure (i.e., concurrently available initial links, each leading to an exclusively available terminal link). Theori...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Vaughan W

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When either a timeout period (darkening the response key) or a blackout period (darkening both chamber and response key) was alternated with a stimulus associated with variable-interval reinforcement, behavioral contrast was obtained. Either peck contrast or maintained contrast occurred, depending on whether or not re...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sadowsky S

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rates of responding changed systematically across sessions for rats pressing levers and keys and for pigeons pressing treadles and pecking keys. A bitonic function in which response rates increased and then decreased across sessions was the most common finding, although an increase in responding also occurred alone. T...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McSweeney FK,Hinson JM

更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:College students' presses on a telegraph key occasionally turned on a light in the presence of which button presses produced points later exchangeable for money. Initially, responding was maintained by low-rate contingencies superimposed on either random-interval or random-ratio schedules. Later, the low-rate continge...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shimoff E,Catania AC,Matthews BA

更新日期：1981-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Groups of three rats were placed in a chamber containing one response lever and one water dispenser. A variety of schedule conditions were explored including fixed ratio, extinction, satiation, fixed interval, fixed time, differential reinforcement of low rates, and discrimination learning. Each group was treated as a...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Grott R,Neuringer A

更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A theory of attending and reinforcement in conditional discriminations is extended to working memory in delayed matching to sample by adding terms for disruption of attending during the retention interval. Like its predecessor, the theory assumes that reinforcers and disruptors affect the independent probabilities of ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Nevin JA,Davison M,Odum AL,Shahan TA

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In two experiments, key pecking of pigeons was maintained by a variable-interval 180-s schedule of food presentation. Conjointly, a second schedule delivered response-dependent electric shock. In the first experiment, shocks were presented according to either a variable-interval or a nondifferential interval-percentil...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Arbuckle JL,Lattal KA

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons and other animals sometimes deviate from optimal choice behavior when given informative signals for delayed outcomes. For example, when pigeons are given a choice between an alternative that always leads to food after a delay and an alternative that leads to food only half of the time after a delay, preference...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDevitt MA,Dunn RM,Spetch ML,Ludvig EA

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons responded under a two-component multiple schedule of reinforcement. Responses were reinforced in one component under a variable-ratio schedule and in the other component under a variable-interval schedule. It was found that when rates of reinforcement were equal in the two components, the rate of response...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zuriff GE

更新日期：1970-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats performed on progressive-ratio schedules that required an increasing number of responses for each successive reinforcement. The number of responses required increased until the subjects failed to complete the next ratio in the sequence within 15 min. Response-ratio increments of two responses, five responses, and...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Thomas JR

更新日期：1974-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies with rats and pigeons showed that reinforcement of response variability improved learning of difficult response sequences. The results suggested that concurrent reinforcement of variability might be a helpful tool when educators or therapists attempt to teach individuals with learning difficulties. However, si...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hansson J,Neuringer A

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons' pecks on either of two concurrently available response keys produced secondary reinforcers according to independent one-minute variable-interval schedules. Different secondary reinforcers, in the presence of which the rates of primary reinforcement were equal, were associated with each key. The rate of peckin...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fantino E,Herrnstein RJ

更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were rewarded on a variable time interval for pecking a translucent key illuminated with either a 45 degrees or a vertical line. The key illumination changed every 2 min during daily 1-hr sessions. When the rates of pecking were stable, reinforcement was omitted in the presence of the 45 degrees line. Respondi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bloomfield TM

更新日期：1967-03-01 00:00:00