REINFORCEMENT OF DRINKING BY RUNNING: EFFECT OF FIXED RATIO AND REINFORCEMENT TIME.

abstract：:Previous experiments have demonstrated that presenting independently established discriminative stimuli in compound can substantially increase operant responding maintained by food reinforcement or shock avoidance. Recently, this phenomenon was also shown to occur with cocaine self-administration. The present study fu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Panlilio LV,Weiss SJ,Schindler CW

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three pigeons were each trained to perform a discrimination problem and a matching problem. Following acquisition, delays of 1 to 7 sec were interposed after stimulus presentation on both problems. Accuracy of responding on these two types of delay procedures was observed to be a function of length of delay interval. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Smith L

更新日期：1967-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed with...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Harrison JM

更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons responded under a fixed-interval 8-min schedule of food delivery in which the amount of food delivered at the end of each interval depended on performance during the interval (i.e., a correlated schedule). Specifically, duration of access to grain was contingent upon the number of responses made during th...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Miller ML,Brodkorb GW,Branch MN

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In behavior analysis, research on stimulus equivalence has been an area of high activity for more than 45 years. Murray Sidman's contribution was crucial in the development of this field, and, thus, it seems informative to highlight the experiments that were necessary in the development of the descriptive model of equ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Arntzen E,Saetherbakken PS

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:College students' presses on a telegraph key occasionally turned on a light in the presence of which button presses produced points later exchangeable for money. Initially, responding was maintained by low-rate contingencies superimposed on either random-interval or random-ratio schedules. Later, the low-rate continge...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shimoff E,Catania AC,Matthews BA

更新日期：1981-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The performance of a rat provided with continuous opportunity to obtain reinforcing brain stimulation over a 20-day period is described in detail. The animal averaged 29.2 responses per min during the entire time. Testing session was terminated by experimenters, but a day-by-day analysis of behavior provided no eviden...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： VALENSTEIN ES,BEER B

更新日期：1964-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Superstitions were demonstrated with human subjects when presses on one button were reinforced on a VI 30-sec schedule while presses on a second were never reinforced. Superstitious responding, on the second button, was often maintained because presses on that button were frequently followed by reinforcement for a sub...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： CATANIA AC,CUTTS D

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons worked on concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules with the alternatives signaled by slides either containing trees or not. The schedules were designed to hold both overall and relative rates of reinforcement within narrowly constrained limits, and slides were quasi-randomly ordered each day. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Vaughan W,Herrnstein RJ

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steep delay discounting is characterized by a preference for small immediate outcomes relative to larger delayed outcomes and is predictive of drug abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and other maladaptive behaviors. Nancy M. Petry was a pioneer in delay discounting research who demonstrated that people discount delayed mo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Odum AL,Becker RJ,Haynes JM,Galizio A,Frye CCJ,Downey H,Friedel JE,Perez DM

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five different reinforcement durations occurred randomly within each session on fixed interval 60-sec. Postreinforcement pause was directly related (and "running" rate inversely related) to the duration of reinforcement initiating each fixed interval. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Staddon JE

更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In studies of operant choice, when one schedule of a concurrent pair is varied while the other is held constant, the constancy of the constant schedule may exert discriminative control over performance. In our earlier experiments, schedules varied reciprocally across components within sessions, so that while food rati...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Baum WM,Davison M

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies with rats and pigeons showed that reinforcement of response variability improved learning of difficult response sequences. The results suggested that concurrent reinforcement of variability might be a helpful tool when educators or therapists attempt to teach individuals with learning difficulties. However, si...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hansson J,Neuringer A

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To study how effort affects reward value, we replicated Fortes, Vasconcelos and Machado's (2015) study using an adjusting-delay task. Nine pigeons chose between a standard alternative that gave access to 4 s of food, after a 10 s delay, and an adjusting-delay alternative that gave access to 12 s of food after a delay ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： García-Leal Ó,Barrón E,Camarena-Pérez H,Vílchez Z

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human-observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of points via critical-signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WEINER H

更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were rewarded on a variable time interval for pecking a translucent key illuminated with either a 45 degrees or a vertical line. The key illumination changed every 2 min during daily 1-hr sessions. When the rates of pecking were stable, reinforcement was omitted in the presence of the 45 degrees line. Respondi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bloomfield TM

更新日期：1967-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments examined whether postsample signals of reinforcer probability or magnitude affected the accuracy of delayed matching to sample in pigeons. On each trial, red or green choice responses that matched red or green stimuli seen shortly before a variable retention interval were reinforced with wheat access. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Brown GS,White KG

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fighting responses were elicited in pairs of rats by shocks over a period of 46 days. During certain blocks of these days, "punishing" shocks were made contingent on the shock-elicited fights. Fighting frequency was reduced as a direct function of the intensity of the contingent shocks. Fighting frequency recovered co...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Roberts CL,Blase K

更新日期：1971-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cooperative responses of pairs of human subjects were reinforced under several stimulus conditions in two settings designed to require a "social" response, i.e., where at least one of the two persons is responding to the behavior of the other. The first task, designed by Lindsley and Cohen, required individual res...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schmitt DR,Marwell G

更新日期：1968-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats trained to lever press on a fixed-interval limited-hold avoidance schedule maintained a pattern of responding similar to that maintained by fixed-interval limited-hold schedules of positive reinforcement. But this positively accelerated pattern of behavior was maintained only when the occurrence of reinforcement ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Black RE,Walters GC,Webster CD

更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in assessment methodology have resulted in a highly efficient procedure for obtaining delay discounting rates for adults: a 5-trial adjusting delay task (ADT-5) examining intertemporal choice for hypothetical rewards. The low participant burden of this task makes it potentially useful for children, wit...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Miller JR

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four colors. The response chain was maintained by food presentation under a fixed-ratio schedule. When d-amphetamine was administered alone, the overall response rate decreased and the percent erro...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Thompson DM

更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Experiment I, keylight was paired with inaccessible grain delivery (under two conditions of keylight intensity) to determine if autoshaping would occur in the absence of primary reinforcement. In Experiment II, the procedure was repeated with accessible grain, for comparison. In Experiment III, the procedures were ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zentall TR,Hogan DE

更新日期：1975-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons' responses in the presence of two concurrently available (initial-link) stimuli produced one of two different (terminal-link) stimuli according to identical but independent variable-interval schedules. Responses in the presence of each terminal-link stimulus produced equal frequencies of food reinforcement, bu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fantino E

更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study employed a stimulus-class rating procedure to explore whether stimulus equivalence and stimulus generalization can combine to promote the formation of open-ended categories incorporating cross-modal stimuli. A pretest of simple auditory discrimination indicated that subjects (college students) could discrim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lane SD,Clow JK,Innis A,Critchfield TS

更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons' pecks on either of two concurrently available response keys produced secondary reinforcers according to independent one-minute variable-interval schedules. Different secondary reinforcers, in the presence of which the rates of primary reinforcement were equal, were associated with each key. The rate of peckin...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fantino E,Herrnstein RJ

更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dynamical models based on three steady-state equations for the law of effect were constructed under the assumption that behavior changes in proportion to the difference between current behavior and the equilibrium implied by current reinforcer rates. A comparison of dynamical models showed that a model based on Navaka...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Navakatikyan MA,Davison M

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Observing behavior of two squirrel monkeys was examined under a multiple schedule of four components. Lever (observing) responses produced either a stimulus indicating the availability of food or another stimulus indicating food was not available. Key responses in the presence of the food-available stimulus produced f...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： De Lorge JO,Clark FC

更新日期：1971-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two successive studies were conducted to determine the possibility of operant reinforcement of nonspecific galvanic skin resistance responses. In the first study, with five experimental and three control subjects who served for 20 to 30 min a day for 10 days, all experimental subjects learned to emit more nonspecific ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Gavalas RJ

更新日期：1967-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This experiment compared descriptions of concurrent choice by the stay/switch model, which says choice is a function of the reinforcers obtained for staying at and for switching from each alternative, and the generalized matching law, which says choice is a function of the total reinforcers obtained at each alternativ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： MacDonall JS

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00