Abstract：
:The phototransduction cascade is perhaps the best understood model system for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Phototransduction links the absorption of a single photon of light to a decrease in cytosolic cGMP. Depletion of the cGMP pool induces closure of cGMP-gated cation channels resulting in the hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cells and consequently a neuronal response. Many biochemical and both low- and high-resolution structural approaches have been utilized to increase our understanding of rhodopsin, the key molecule of this signaling cascade. Rhodopsin, a member of the GPCR or seven-transmembrane spanning receptor superfamily, is composed of a chromophore, 11-cis-retinal that is covalently bound by a protonated Schiff base linkage to the apo-protein opsin at Lys(296) (in bovine opsin). Upon absorption of a photon, isomerization of the chromophore to an all-trans-retinylidene conformation induces changes in the rhodopsin structure, ultimately converting it from an inactive to an activated state. This state allows it to activate the heterotrimeric G protein, transducin, by triggering nucleotide exchange. To fully understand the structural and functional aspects of rhodopsin it is necessary to critically examine crystal structures of its different photointermediates. In this review we summarize recent progress on the structure and activation of rhodopsin in the context of other GPCR structures.
journal_name
Photochem Photobioljournal_title
Photochemistry and photobiologyauthors
Lodowski DT,Angel TE,Palczewski Kdoi
10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00516.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-03-01 00:00:00pages
425-30issue
2eissn
0031-8655issn
1751-1097pii
PHP516journal_volume
85pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This paper studies the dye-sensitized photooxidation of tyrosine (tyr) and tyr di- and tripeptides (tyr-tyr and tyr-tyr-tyr) mediated by singlet molecular oxygen (O2[1 delta g]) in alkaline media. Photooxidation quantum efficiencies (phi r) were obtained by determining the overall and reactive rate constants of intera...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skin cancer studies depend on questionnaires to estimate exposure to ultraviolet light and subsequent risk but are limited by recall bias. We investigate the feasibility of developing a short checklist of categories comprising outdoor activities that can improve sun exposure questionnaires for use in epidemiologic stu...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00393.x
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The photostability of drugs administered topically on unprotected skin is a complex phenomenon that could be connected with the loss of activity or, rather rarely, the occurrence of toxic degradation products. In this study, an in-depth investigation of the photostability of terbinafine, in both solutions and formulat...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/php.13075
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cumulative and intermittent sun exposure are risk factors for skin cancer, highlighting the need to monitor exposure during childhood. There is currently very little available information concerning the accuracy of self-reported levels of sun exposure, particularly for very young children. In this study, UV radiation ...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0060:cbramu>2.0.co;2
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reactive nitrogen species, produced during the process of inflammation induced by various factors including UV radiation, modify amino acids in crucial proteins. It is assumed that skin tissue is more likely to be modified, as it is located at the outer layer of a body that is exposed to UV radiation on a daily basis....
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1562/2006-07-24-RA-978
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The size of excision repair patches corresponding to excision of (6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts and (5-5, 6-6) cyclobutane dimers have been independently determined by using bromodeoxyuridine substitution and density increases in isopycnic gradients of small DNA fragments. The two classes of photoproducts w...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02033.x
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Depletion of the ozone layer leads to increasing UV-B radiation on the earth's surface, which may affect weeds and their responses to herbicides. However, the effect of increased UV-B radiation on weeds and the interaction of weeds and herbicides are still obscure. The objective of this study was to compare glyphosate...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01234.x
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A portable fluorimeter was developed and utilized to acquire fluorescence spectra from 381 cervical sites in 95 patients at 337, 380 and 460 nm excitation immediately prior to colposcopy. A multivariate statistical algorithm was used to extract clinically useful information from tissue spectra acquired in vivo. Two fu...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03130.x
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The photochemical reactions of the 1-deaza derivative of riboflavin (RF) have been studied by sub-ps time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. A potential effect of the solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding capability on the excited state (ES) dynamics was tested by measuring 1-deaza RF in water and, after acetylation ...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00646.x
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We conducted a thermovisual comparison of mean hand surface temperature changes upon local heating with two different IR sources. Sixty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis (47 women and 19 men; average age, 56.1 ± 8.6 years) were subjected to topical heat therapy for one hand with either the standard IR radiator (S...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00975.x
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A model of UV-induced DNA damage in oceanic bacterioplankton was developed and tested against previously published and novel measurements of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in surface layers of the ocean. The model describes the effects of solar irradiance, wind-forced mixing of bacterioplankton and optical proper...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0062:dtdiba>2.0.co;2
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasing worldwide. Some ecological studies show increasing incidence with increasing latitude. Ambient ultraviolet radiation varies inversely with latitude, and sun exposure of the skin is a major source of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is commo...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/php.13007
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study, photodynamic activity of a novel photosensitizer (PS), Chlorin e(6)-2.5 N-methyl-d-glucamine (BLC 1010), was evaluated using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as an in vivo model. After intravenous (i.v.) injection of BLC 1010 into the CAM vasculature, the applicability of this drug for photodyn...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1562/2005-02-23-RA-448
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accurate determination of the diurnal variability and daily insolation of surface (0(+) ) and subsurface (0(-) ) irradiance are essential to estimate several physical, chemical and biological processes occurring at the surface layer of marine environments. Natural downwelling PAR and spectral UVR were examined on eigh...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/php.12474
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plant responses to light spectral quality can be exploited to deliver a range of agronomically desirable end points in protected crops. This can be achieved using plastics with specific spectral properties as crop covers. We have studied the responses of a range of crops to plastics that have either (a) increased tran...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1562/2004-12-06-RA-392
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The broad-band normal incidence UVB beam radiation has been measured at Neve Zohar, Dead Sea basin, using a prototype tracking instrument composed of a Model 501A UV-Biometer mounted on an Eppley Solar Tracker Model St-1. The diffuse and beam fraction of the solar global UVB radiation have been determined using the co...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00842.x
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the first reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during irradiation of photosensitized cells is almost invariably singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), other ROS have been implicated in the phototoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Among these are superoxide anion radical (*O2(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) an...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00589.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure of solutions containing both tryptophan and hydrogen peroxide to a pulsed ( approximately 180 fs) laser beam at 750 nm induces luminescence characteristic of 5-hydroxytryptophan. The results indicate that 3-photon excitation of tryptophan results in photoionization within the focal volume of the laser beam. T...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00447.x
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plants protect themselves against excessive light by the induction of Delta pH-dependent nonphotochemical quenching (qE) that is associated with de-epoxidation of violaxanthin (V) to zeaxanthin (Z) in thylakoid membranes. In this work, we report that low light (12 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)) is sufficient for a mark...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00699.x
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The marine annelid Chaetopterus variopedatus produces bioluminescence by an unknown and potentially novel mechanism. We have advanced the study of this fascinating phenomenon, which has not been investigated for nearly 60 years after initial studies were first reported for this species. Here, we show that the luminous...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/php.12169
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new type of photochromic molecule that can be used for diffusion coefficient (D) measurements of various proteins in solution is described. The absorption spectrum of this molecule is changed upon photoexcitation by the trans-cis isomerization reaction. Target proteins were labeled by this photochromic molecule in t...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00315.x
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The phototoxic anti-hyperlipoproteinemic drug fenofibrate was found to be photolabile under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Irradiation under argon of a methanol solution of this drug produced the photoproducts isopropyl 4-(1-[4-chlorophenyl]-1,2-dihydroxy)ethylphenoxyisobutyrate, 1,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2bis (4-[...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04917.x
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have investigated the factors that affect the virucidal activity of methylene blue (MB) photosensitization. The M13 bacteriophage was more rapidly inactivated at higher temperatures (6 degrees C < 24 degrees C < 38 degrees C). Rate constants for inactivation were 0.072, 0.139 and 0.260 (log10 inactivation)/ (J/cm2)...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01937.x
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The contribution of DNA strand breaks accumulating in the course of nucleotide excision repair to upregulation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein was investigated in human dermal fibroblast strains after treatment with 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) light. For this purpose, fibroblast cultures were exposed to UV and incubat...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0562:locbds>2.0.co;2
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of pretreatment with vitamin E on cytotoxicity, DNA single strand breaks, and chromosomal aberrations as well as on mutation induced by ultraviolet-B light (UV-B) was investigated in Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Cellular pretreatment with non-toxic levels of 25 microM alpha-tocopherol succinate (vitamin E) f...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09598.x
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The red-shift of furocoumarin action spectra, compared with their absorption spectra, has been investigated. An action spectrum for 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) monoadduct formation in the yeast Candida albicans has been determined. The yeast cells were initially exposed to sublethal doses of monochromatic UVA at differe...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb02906.x
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Limited trypsinization of large pea (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska) phytochrome and subsequent size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) in 0.1 M Na phosphate, pH 7.8, yielded a high-molecular-mass aggregate of tryptic fragments of phytochrome. Further SEC in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, plus various concentrations of NaSCN, indicate...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04136.x
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We calculated the integrated UVB and plant damage irradiances for Argentina, a country in the Southern Hemisphere spread over a large latitudinal range. The irradiances were calculated for clear sky days using the Madronich code for the average conditions of the months corresponding to the summer and winter solstices ...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past several years there has been debate about the origins of nonexponential intensity decays of intrinsic tryptophan (trp) fluorescence of proteins, especially for single tryptophan proteins (STP). In this review we summarize the data from diverse sources suggesting that time-dependent spectral relaxation ...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0421:OSRIP>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against a 24-mer RNA derived from the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HIV were linked to proto- and methylpyrroporphyrin and their zinc derivatives. The oligonucleotide-porphyrin conjugates were tested for their ability to induce photodamage on the target RNA. Upon hybridi...
journal_title：Photochemistry and photobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05110.x
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
