Abstract:
:The discovery of the first homeotic mutation by Calvin Bridges in 1915 profoundly influenced the way we think about developmental processes. Although many mutations modify or deform morphological structures, homeotic mutations cause a spectacular phenotype in which a morphological structure develops like a copy of a structure that is normally found elsewhere on an organism's body plan. This is best illustrated in Drosophila where homeotic mutations were first discovered. For example, Antennapedia mutants have legs developing on their head instead of antennae. Because a mutation in a single gene creates such complete structures, homeotic genes were proposed to be key "selector genes" regulating the initiation of a developmental program. According to this model, once a specific developmental program is initiated (i.e., antenna or leg), it can be executed by downstream "realizator genes" independent of its location along the body axis. Consistent with this idea, homeotic genes have been shown to encode transcription factor proteins that control the activity of the many downstream targets to "realize" a developmental program. Here, we will review the first and perhaps, best characterized homeotic complex, the Bithorax Complex (BX-C).
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Maeda RK,Karch Fdoi
10.1007/978-1-4419-6673-5_2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-01-01 00:00:00pages
17-40eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
689pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::As a critical post-translational modification, phosphorylation plays important roles in regulating various biological processes, while recent studies suggest that phosphorylation in bacteria is also critical for functional signaling transduction. Since identification of phosphorylation substrates and sites is fundamen...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9245-5_16
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Memory CD8⁺ T cells play an essential role in controlling pathogenic infections. Therefore generating protective memory CD8⁺ T cells by vaccination is an attractive strategy for preventing and treating a variety of human diseases. Understanding what comprises a protective memory CD8⁺ T cell response will help optimize...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6217-0_9
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by bronchospasms accompanied with frequent coughing, the pathogenesis of which is not clear. In healthy adults deep inspirations (DIs) provide a protective effect against bronchoconstriction triggered by methacholine inhalation, which correlates with the number of...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4546-9_8
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhaling or ingesting hydrogen (H2) gas improves oxidative stress-induced damage in animal models and humans. We previously reported that H2 was consumed throughout the human body after the ingestion of H2-rich water and that the H2 consumption rate ([Formula: see text]) was 1.0 μmol/min/m(2) body surface area. To con...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_42
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The chapter begins with an historical perspective of GAPDH isozymes that is juxtaposed to the fact that there is only one somatic functional gene in humans that is virtually identical among the mammalian species. Over the many years of GAPDH research, dozens of labs have reported the existence of multiple forms of GAP...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4716-6_6
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies suggested that colorectal cancer influences the types and quantity of nucleic acids - especially microRNAs - detected in the bloodstream. Concentration of circulating (cell-free) microRNAs, and possibly of other non-coding RNAs, could therefore serve as valuable colorectal cancer biomarker and could del...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42059-2_9
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Duration and quality of life are considerably reduced in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, but regular metabolic supervision, education of the patients, and social support can reduce the prevalence of severe late diabetic complications and prolong life by about 10 years. ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9110-8_4
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The term activation is used to designate biochemical and functional changes that are induced in macrophages by a variety of stimuli, including interaction with microbial products, synthetic substances, immunoglobulins of different classes, and factors released by lymphocytes. The changes observed comprise an increased...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4394-3_74
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism of viral RNA replication in mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-infected cells was studied by oligonucleotide mapping of every mRNA. We discovered that an oligonucleotide, No. 10, was localized at the 5'-end of every mRNA, and was not colinear with the sequences of the virion genomic RNA. This result indicates t...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9373-7_19
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) leads to significant mortality and morbidity, and therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has become a standard of care following HIE. After TH, the body temperature is brought back to 37 °C. Early electroencephalography (EEG) is a reliable outcome biomarker following HIE. We hypothesized th...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_4
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) expression and function in the regulation of the metastatic phenotype was demonstrated in several murine melanoma lines before. Here we have provided novel evidences that, though at a low level (in max. 15% of the cell population), human melanoma lines (HT168, M1, HT199, HT18 and WM35) express...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4793-8_89
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::What is the function of the Hox genes? At first glance, it is a curious question. Indeed, the answer seems so obvious that several authors have spoken of 'the Hox function' about some of the Hox genes, namely Hox3/zen and Hox6/ftz that seem to have lost it during the evolution of Arthropods. What these authors meant i...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6673-5_12
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An allosteric mechanism refers to the biological regulation process wherein macromolecules propagate the effect of ligand binding at one site to a spatially distant orthosteric locus, thus affecting activity. The theory has remained a trending topic in biology research for over 50 years, since the understanding of all...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8719-7_4
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin A is metabolized to several biologically active compounds, the best known of which is retinoic acid. This compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of tumor cells and to induce a more differentiated phenotype in several tumor types. Vitamin D is metabolized to the active compound 1,25-dihydrox...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0949-7_1
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Small angle scattering (SAS) is a powerful and versatile tool to elucidate the structure of matter at the nanometer scale. Recently, the technique has seen a tremendous growth of applications in the field of structural molecular biology. Its origins however date back to almost a century ago and even though the methods...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6038-0_1
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an attempt to identify the binding sites of myosin fragments to the nitrocellulose film in a flow cell, proteolytic digestion was performed of myosin fragments bound to the substrate. Chymotryptic digestion of papain.Mg-subfragment-1 (S1) showed that a large proportion of S1 were bound near the tail and that the di...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2872-2_25
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have demonstrated that kinins are generated following nasal challenge with allergen of allergic (5.6 +/- 0.17 ng/m-), but not nonallergic (0.04 +/- .02 ng/ml), individuals (n = 8 in each case). The presence of kinin was highly correlated with that of histamine and TAME-esterase activity and with clinical symptoms (...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0154-8_22
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::[1-14C]-Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was incubated with porcine leukocytes. Three polar metabolites were isolated after RP-HPLC separation in addition to pentaene leukotrienes and mono-hydroxy fatty acids. These compounds display U.V. absorbance with U.V. lambda max at 302 nm with shoulders at 289 and 317 nm which were...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0937-7_5
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The DJ-1 (also called the DJ-1/PfpI, ThiJ/PfpI, or DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI) superfamily is a structural and functional diverse group of proteins that are present in most organisms. Many of these proteins remain poorly characterized at the biochemical level, but include some known chaperones, proteases, and various stress respo...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6583-5_2
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Under certain conditions, detection of a masked tone is improved by a preceding sound ("precursor"). This phenomenon is referred to as the "temporal effect" or "overshoot". A prevalent model of overshoot, referred to as the "gain reduction model", posits that overshoot is caused by efferent reduction in cochlear gain ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1590-9_8
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of stress-induced psychological and somatic diseases has been increasing rapidly, and it is important to clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms of stress response in order to establish effective stress management methods. We previously reported that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_14
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant chitinase hydrolyzing β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of chitin are major enzymes acting in plant-microbe interactions and are involved in self-defense against fungal pathogens. Chitosanases from soil bacteria are also involved in plant defense by hydrolyzing chitosan components of the fungal cell wall. The crystal st...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_12
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper has described an animal (rodent) model of depression in which depression-like characteristics are produced by exposure of animals to stressful events that they cannot control. This model, called "stress-induced depression," appears to be mediated by stress-induced changes in brain norepinephrine (NE), and e...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_33
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary trihydroxy bile acid, cholate, both free and conjugated, is nontoxic in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells incubated in vitro. The primary dihydroxy bile acid, chenodeoxycholate, was more toxic at high concentrations than at low concentrations, but conjugation with taurine reversed it. The free secondary ...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0405-8_6
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Collagen type I is the most abundant matrix protein in the human body and is highly demanded in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. To meet the uprising demand in biomedical applications, collagen type I has been isolated from mammalians (bovine, porcine, goat and rat) and non-m...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0947-2_21
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homeostasis is the process by which cells adapt to stress and prevent or repair injury. Unique programs have evolved to sense and activate these homeostatic mechanisms and as such, homeostatic sensors may be potent therapeutic targets. The hypoxic response mediated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) downstream of oxyge...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_16
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The analysis of complex biological networks has traditionally relied on decomposition into smaller, semi-autonomous units such as individual signaling pathways. With the increased scope of systems biology (models), rational approaches to modularization have become an important topic. With increasing acceptance of de f...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7210-1_1
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies have shown that the renal tubular epithelium adapts to alterations in the sulfur amino acid composition of the diet. The renal adaptive response has been described in man, mouse, rat, dog, and pig. The observed phenomenon involves increased or decreased initial rate activity of the NaCl-dependent taurine trans...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0117-0_33
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant inheritable neurodegenerative disorder. After a long pre-symptomatic period, this late-onset disease progressively disables patients and typically leads to premature death. Neuronal loss in specific regions of th...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_10
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a regulatory agency that has oversight for a wide range of products entering the US market, including gene and cell therapies. The regulatory approach for these products is similar to other medical products within the United States and consists of a multitie...
journal_title:Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18618-4_1
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00