Abstract：
:It was generally accepted by the early 1960s that proton beam radiosurgery was too complex and impractical. The need was seen for a new machine. The beam design had to be as good as a proton beam. It was also decided that a static design was preferable even if the evolution of that notion is no longer clear. Complex collimators were designed that using sources of cobalt-60 could produce beams with characteristics adequately close to those of proton beams. The geometry of the machine was determined including the distance of the sources from the patient the optimal distance between the sources. The first gamma unit was built with private money with no contribution from the Swedish state, which nonetheless required detailed design information in order to ensure radiation safety. This original machine was built with rectangular collimators to produce lesions for thalamotomy for functional work. However, with the introduction of dopamine analogs, this indication virtually disappeared overnight.
journal_name
Prog Brain Resjournal_title
Progress in brain researchauthors
Ganz JCdoi
10.1016/B978-0-444-63520-4.00007-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-01-01 00:00:00pages
67-75eissn
0079-6123issn
1875-7855pii
B978-0-444-63520-4.00007-7journal_volume
215pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章,评审abstract：:The cognitive changes that occur with ageing are usually referred to as 'age-related cognitive decline'. The most pronounced changes may be found in the executive functions that require integrity of the prefrontal cortical circuitry. With age, sleep also changes profoundly, with more sleep fragmentation, earlier awake...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/B978-0-444-53702-7.00011-7
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is one of the most likely susceptibility genes for schizophrenia (SZ). DISC1 is being established as a hub protein with various functions in the pre- and postnatal development of the nervous system. Since generation of a knockout (KO) mouse has proved challenging, various alternati...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17909-8
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several studies provided evidence for neuroendocrine dysregulations in adults with a history of child sexual abuse. This review focuses on neuroendocrine studies in sexually abused children and adolescents, dating from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 2007 and obtained from a systematic Medline Indexed literature search ...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(07)67028-9
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitor neurotransmitter that plays many important roles in the central nervous system. Because the half-life time of GABA is very short in vivo, GABA itself is not used for clinical practice. An analogue of GABA, baclofen, is an agonist of GABA-B receptor, and has very strong an...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17721-X
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dorsal striatum (caudate putamen) contains two types of GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that are distinguished by the expression of either the opioid peptide, enkephalin, or the opioid peptide, dynorphin, as well as the tachykinin substance P. Pharmacological studies suggest that these peptides modulate loca...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(06)60016-2
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epileptologically informed in-depth analysis of auto- and heteroanamnestic historical sources supports the hypothesis that Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) might have suffered from a photosensitive idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome with absences, absence status, myoclonic seizures, and bilateral tonic-clonic seiz...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.007
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Humans can communicate their emotional state via facial expression and affective prosody. This chapter reviews behavioural, neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies pertaining to audiovisual integration of emotional communicative signals. Particular emphasis will be given to neuroimaging studies ...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56019-4
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The description of a biological system using a mathematical model is the most effective means to specify the functioning of a quantitative hypothesis, providing at the same time the ability to make predictions that can be further tested experimentally. The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR), and more generally the ocular m...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.030
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In mammals, the circadian system is composed of the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and of peripheral clocks that are located in other neural structures and in cells of the peripheral tissues and organs. In adults, the system is hierarchically organized so that the central clock provides the o...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/B978-0-444-59427-3.00005-8
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Regaining any locomotor function after spinal cord injury is not only of immediate importance for affected patients but also for clinical research as it allows to investigate mechanisms underlying motor impairment and locomotor recovery. Clinical scores inform on functional outcomes that are clinically meaningful to v...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.004
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Quantitative models of the oculomotor plant and control of the saccadic eye movement system are presented in this chapter. Oculomotor plant models described here are linear, including a second-order model by Westheimer (1954), Bahill et al. (1980) and Enderle et al. (2000). The model of the saccade generator is initia...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(02)40040-4
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Until recently, the constraints imposed on decision makers by the human physical condition - situated both as a physical agent and within physical space - have played only an incidental, if not entirely inconsequential, role in conceptualizations of human decision making. The act of deciding has been positioned as the...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(09)01316-8
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) triggers a form of respiratory plasticity known as long-term facilitation (LTF), which is manifested as a progressive increase in respiratory motor activity that lasts for minutes to hours after the hypoxic stimulus is removed. Respiratory LTF has been reported in numerous animal model...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/B978-0-444-63488-7.00011-2
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent increase in the frequency and intensity of killer heat waves across the globe has aroused worldwide medical attention to exploring therapeutic strategies to attenuate heat-related morbidity and/or mortality. Death due to heat-related illnesses often exceeds >50% of heat victims. Those who survive are crippl...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(06)62010-4
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuronal activity increases synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in vivo and in vitro. We have investigated the pathways through which neuronal activity stimulated by kainic acid regulates BDNF mRNA levels in cultured hippocampal neurons and transgenic mice. Kainic acid induced the transcription ...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64007-8
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The capacity to sustain high-intensity aerobic exercise is essential for endurance performance. Therefore, it is important to understand what is the factor limiting time to exhaustion (TTE) in healthy and fit adults. In Study 1, maximal voluntary cycling power (MVCP) was measured in 11 volunteers before and immediatel...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.012
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The subiculum gives rise to the majority of hippocampal projections to various telencephalic and diencephalic structures. Previously, these projections have been described using anterograde tracing with radioactively labeled amino acids. As part of an ongoing detailed analysis of the connectivity of the hippocampal re...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61240-6
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive method used to induce electrical current in the brain through impulses of strong magnetic fields applied externally. The technique can relieve tinnitus by modulating the excitability of neurons in the auditory cortex to decrease the hyperexcitabilit...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66034-8
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although circannual rhythms controlling different physiological processes and various aspects of behavior have been reported in numerous organisms, our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms is still quite limited. We examined the mechanisms controlling the circannual pupation rhythm of the varied carpe...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/B978-0-444-59427-3.00025-3
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Much of the past research on how reward motivation and emotional information influence brain and behavior has been conducted separately. Recently, a few behavioral and brain imaging studies have investigated how reward and emotional information co-jointly impact brain and behavior. The present chapter reviews findings...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.023
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This chapter provides evidence of spatial and temporal changes in the behavior of neurons within Areas 5 and 4 of the sensorimotor cortex of a nonhuman primate while it was executing a perturbed arm-reaching task. Chronically implanted electrode arrays were used to record simultaneously from 37 to 58 neurons. Also mea...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43045-8
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the more interesting and complex phenomena involving neurohypophysial hormones is the milk ejection reflex and the events surrounding it. Accordingly, many investigations over the years have taken up the challenge of elucidating its myriad aspects. Much has been learned from in vivo preparations about the seque...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00414-7
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the sample size of a typical neuroimaging study lacks sufficient statistical power to explore unknown genomic associations with brain phenotypes, several international genetic imaging consortia have been organized in recent years to pool data across sites. The challenges and achievements of these consortia are c...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.026
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Various growth factors are present in the hippocampal formation and appear responsible for the prominent plasticity of this brain area. Although hormone-like growth-promoting polypeptides are the best known, recent studies emphasize the importance in the growth response of molecules such as laminin proteoglycans, neur...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61261-3
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal brain function requires constant adaptation as an organism interacts with the environment and learns to associate important sensory stimuli with appropriate motor actions. Neurological disorders may disrupt these learned associations, potentially requiring new functional pathways to be formed to replace the los...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/B978-0-444-53355-5.00006-3
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The management of urinary tract dysfunction is crucial for the health and well-being of people with spinal cord injury. Devices, specifically catheters, play an important role in the daily regime of bladder management for most people with spinal cord injury. However, the high incidence of complications associated with...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0079-6123(05)52011-9
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this chapter is to review recent literature describing how developments in cognition may contribute to age-related changes in emotional processes, specifically emotion regulation and emotion perception. In general, older adults are more likely than young adults to report feeling positive. Prominent conceptu...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.007
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This investigation was designed to study the role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular responses elicited by microinjection of cholinergic agonists in the intermediate portion of the NTS, the VLPA and VLDA areas and the IML of the spinal cord. Microinjections of L-glutamate (1.77 nmol in 20-50 nl in 0...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62007-5
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This chapter reviews four key issues that must be addressed to advance our knowledge of control of head movement by the central nervous system (CNS). (1) Researchers must consider how the CNS utilizes the multiple muscle patterns that can produce the same head movement in carrying out tasks in an optimal way. (2) More...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0079-6123(03)43035-5
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Today's researchers are faced with a change from curiosity-driven to mandate-driven research. These two approaches are well combined within scientific networks (Actions) supported by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program. The functioning of COST Actions, although directed only to networking...
journal_title：Progress in brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/B978-0-444-63486-3.09999-0
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
