Abstract:
:The presence and extent of axillary nodal metastases at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is a critical factor in disease prognosis and plays a central role in deciding the best treatment for patients. Accurate assessment of the axilla is therefore an essential component in staging breast cancer. Over the years, axillary staging has evolved from surgical axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), with its numerous associated long-term complications, to the much less-radical surgical sentinel lymph node excision biopsy (SLNB), the current reference standard. In parallel, radiological staging of the axilla has become increasingly more useful as our knowledge and techniques have improved. Preoperative axillary ultrasound is used widely to stage patients with breast cancer, providing an evaluation of node morphology and allowing targeted biopsy of abnormal nodes. This is important in helping stratify which patients should proceed directly to ALND and which should undergo SLNB first. Grey-scale ultrasound on its own is not perfect and can over- and underestimate axillary disease. Newer ultrasound techniques such as elastography may help to improve diagnostic confidence when visually assessing axillary nodes; for example, in more accurately assessing the extent of axillary disease burden or in differentiating benign reactive nodes from malignant nodes in equivocal cases. The use of intradermal "microbubbles" has shown great promise in being able to locate and biopsy the sentinel lymph node under ultrasound guidance, and raises the possibility that in the future such techniques may obviate the need for surgical SLNB in select patient populations.
journal_name
Clin Radioljournal_title
Clinical radiologyauthors
Lowes S,Leaver A,Cox K,Satchithananda K,Cosgrove D,Lim Adoi
10.1016/j.crad.2018.01.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-04-01 00:00:00pages
396-409issue
4eissn
0009-9260issn
1365-229Xpii
S0009-9260(18)30013-8journal_volume
73pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Malpositioned central venous catheters need to be repositioned so as to avoid local toxicity from chemotherapeutic and other agents and to prevent venous thrombosis. We describe a simple, safe and effective technique for repositioning silicone central venous catheters, by using a hand injection of sterile saline. It w...
journal_title:Clinical radiology
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journal_title:Clinical radiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Clinical radiology
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更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical radiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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doi:10.1016/j.crad.2017.08.005
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.crad.2020.01.012
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journal_title:Clinical radiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0009-9260(80)80028-6
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
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journal_title:Clinical radiology
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