Abstract：
:Flaws in the design of randomized trials may bias intervention effect estimates and increase between-trial heterogeneity. Empirical evidence suggests that these problems are greatest for subjectively assessed outcomes. For the Risk of Bias in Evidence Synthesis (ROBES) Study, we extracted risk-of-bias judgements (for sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, and incomplete data) from a large collection of meta-analyses published in the Cochrane Library (issue 4; April 2011). We categorized outcome measures as mortality, other objective outcome, or subjective outcome, and we estimated associations of bias judgements with intervention effect estimates using Bayesian hierarchical models. Among 2,443 randomized trials in 228 meta-analyses, intervention effect estimates were, on average, exaggerated in trials with high or unclear (versus low) risk-of-bias judgements for sequence generation (ratio of odds ratios (ROR) = 0.91, 95% credible interval (CrI): 0.86, 0.98), allocation concealment (ROR = 0.92, 95% CrI: 0.86, 0.98), and blinding (ROR = 0.87, 95% CrI: 0.80, 0.93). In contrast to previous work, we did not observe consistently different bias for subjective outcomes compared with mortality. However, we found an increase in between-trial heterogeneity associated with lack of blinding in meta-analyses with subjective outcomes. Inconsistency in criteria for risk-of-bias judgements applied by individual reviewers is a likely limitation of routinely collected bias assessments. Inadequate randomization and lack of blinding may lead to exaggeration of intervention effect estimates in randomized trials.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Savovic J,Turner RM,Mawdsley D,Jones HE,Beynon R,Higgins JPT,Sterne JACdoi
10.1093/aje/kwx344subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-05-01 00:00:00pages
1113-1122issue
5eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256pii
4604571journal_volume
187pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Observational studies and randomized controlled trials of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and chronic disease risk appear to have divergent results for cardiovascular disease. However, differences may be related to a modifying effect of age, time since menopause, and HT formulation. In the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwx131
更新日期：2017-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To examine the association between alcohol consumption and mortality in Japan, where mortality and lifestyle differ substantially from Western countries, a population-based prospective study was conducted in four public health center areas as part of the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study on cancer and...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009946
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors examined the relation between 50 widely used agricultural pesticides and lung cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 57,284 pesticide applicators and 32,333 spouses of farmer applicators with no prior history of lung cancer. Self-administered questionnaires were co...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh290
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pesticides are ubiquitous neurotoxicants, and several lines of evidence suggest that exposure may be associated with depression. Epidemiologic evidence has focused largely on organophosphate exposures, while research on other pesticides is limited. We collected detailed pesticide use history from farmers recruited in ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt089
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the mid-19th century, the German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer viewed cholera as resulting from the interaction between a postulated cholera germ and the characteristics of soils. In order to cause cholera, the cholera germ had to become a cholera miasma, but this transformation required prolonged contact of the ge...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm279
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined individual and household socioeconomic status (SES) in relation to phenotypes of neural tube defects, orafacial clefts, and conotruncal heart defects using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study with 2,551 nonmalformed liveborn controls and 1,841 cases delivered in 1997-2000. The ind...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm283
更新日期：2008-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Contradictory observations have accumulated regarding a secular trend and/or an epidemic pattern in the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In this study, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus incidence below age 15 years was examined in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and in Wielkopolska, Poland, two area...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115169
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Estimates of the numbers and rates of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) hospitalization are central to understanding health-care utilization and efforts to improve patient care. We comprehensively estimated the frequency, rate, and trends of ADHF hospitalization in the United States. Based on Atherosclerosis Ri...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwv455
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the study of complex diseases, it may be important to test hypotheses related to gene-gene (G x G) interaction. The success of such studies depends critically on obtaining adequate sample sizes. In this paper, the author investigates sample size requirements for studies of G x G interaction, focusing on four study ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/155.5.478
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The methods used for selecting subjects yield three types of case-control studies: 1) incident cases are compared to non-cases chosen to be representative of the exposure distribution among the person-years which produced the cases. In this type of study the exposure-odds ratio equals the incidence density ratio; 2) i...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112614
更新日期：1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A matched case-control study was conducted of 53 leukemia deaths and of 212 controls within a previously studied cohort of 24,545 on-shore workers employed between January 1, 1952 and August 15, 1977 at the Portsmouth (New Hampshire) Naval Shipyard. The study sought to ascertain a priori whether there was an associati...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114350
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heavy alcohol drinking is associated with cognitive impairment, but little is known concerning the cognitive effect of moderate alcohol consumption. The Epidemiology of Vascular Aging (EVA) Study is a longitudinal study of cognitive and vascular aging. Between June 1991 and June 1993, 1,389 subjects aged 59-71 years (...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009293
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal emerged on the Indian subcontinent in late 1992 and was first recognized in Thailand in 1993. To characterize the epidemiology of this disease, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of Bangkok. Between November 15, 1993, and June 3, 19...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008737
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors investigated the relations of body mass index at different ages and adult weight change to incident colorectal cancer risk in the prospective National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study (1995-1996), using a subcohort with repeated recall weights (273,679 participants; mean baseline age = 62.8 ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kws192
更新日期：2012-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Male drivers sustained relatively more serious motorcycle collision injuries than did male passengers, female drivers, or female passengers. For male drivers, severity of injury was related to age. The relative frequency of serious head injury was highest for drivers not wearing helmets who were involved in collisions...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112137
更新日期：1975-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the results of cohort studies on the association between alcohol and breast cancer are rather consistent, the current evidence is based solely on North American cohorts. Therefore, this association was evaluated in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, conducted since 1986 among 62,573 women aged 5...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117357
更新日期：1995-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The author evaluated the validity of four historically based variables collected on Georgia birth certificates: outcome of preceding pregnancy, history of delivery of a low- (<2,500 g) or high- (>4,000 g) birth-weight infant, and death of the baby resulting from the preceding pregnancy. Data were derived from birth an...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/154.10.883
更新日期：2001-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence for a relation between physical activity and renal cell cancer has been inconsistent. The authors examined physical activity in relation to renal cell cancer in a large, prospective US cohort study of 482,386 participants (289,503 men and 192,883 women) aged 50-71 years at baseline (1995-1996). At baseline, p...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwn102
更新日期：2008-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation between intake of fish and soy products and subsequent all-cause and cause-specific mortality was examined in a cohort of 13,355 male and 15,724 female residents of Takayama, Gifu, Japan. A diet that included soy and fish intake was assessed in 1992 by using a validated semiquantitative food frequency que...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwf118
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the period August 10-29, 1986, 29 confirmed cases of Legionnaires' disease occurred in Sheboygan, Wisconsin; two cases were fatal. No common source of indoor exposure was identified. Water specimens were obtained from all known cooling tower units in Sheboygan; Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated at 1 x...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115370
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experiences of discrimination are associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes; however, it is unknown whether discrimination is related to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes). We investigated the associations of major experiences of discrimination (unfair treatment in 6 situations) and everyday ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwx047
更新日期：2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:While time-series studies have consistently provided evidence for an effect of particulate air pollution on mortality, uncertainty remains as to the extent of the life-shortening implied by those associations. In this paper, the authors estimate the association between air pollution and mortality using different times...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwg087
更新日期：2003-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Parasitologic, serologic, and epidemiologic studies were done during 1967 in Calion, Arkansas (population 544). Infection with Entamoeba histolytica was found to be endemic but was segregated along racial lines. Twenty-two (9.9%) black compared with only one (0.6%) white had E. histolytica demonstrated in one stool ex...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112279
更新日期：1976-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A single nucleotide polymorphism, - 160C-->A, has been identified in the promoter region of the E-cadherin gene and has been shown to alter its transcriptional activity. To assess susceptibility of -160A allele carriers to seven types of cancers, the authors conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis, up to November 2006...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm264
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psychological distress has been indicated to affect the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and external causes. Mortality from these major causes of death is also known to be elevated after widowhood when distress is at a heightened level. Surprisingly little is known about changes in health other than...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwy184
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies indicate an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption and chronic inflammatory diseases; however, the association between alcohol consumption and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) incidence has not been widely studied. We investigated the associations of total alcohol consumption and ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwz020
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies of residents in communities with high endemic concentrations of arsenic in drinking water suggest a deleterious effect on the circulatory system; however, studies among workers with high occupational exposures generally have shown either no or weak associations. This discrepancy could be a result of the health...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010185
更新日期：2000-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity, android fat distribution, and other anthropometric measures have been associated with coronary heart disease in long-term prospective studies. However, fluctuations in weight due to age-related hormonal changes and changes in lifestyle practices may bias relative risk estimates over a long follow-up period. T...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117385
更新日期：1995-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A prospective panel cohort design was used to investigate whether mental disorders common in the general population increase the likelihood of increased cigarette smoking at 12 months follow-up. By 1995, the last year for which data were available, a random sample of 12,057 persons aged 16-75 years residing in private...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/152.7.651
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Few studies have examined the role of endogenous sex hormones in breast cancer, and to the authors' knowledge, only two have done so prospectively. The authors report here the results of a prospective study based on an available bank of previously analyzed plasma collected in 1972-1974 from 442 women aged 50-79 years ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116228
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
