Abstract:
:A propensity score (PS) model's ability to control confounding can be assessed by evaluating covariate balance across exposure groups after PS adjustment. The optimal strategy for evaluating a disease risk score (DRS) model's ability to control confounding is less clear. DRS models cannot be evaluated through balance checks within the full population, and they are usually assessed through prediction diagnostics and goodness-of-fit tests. A proposed alternative is the "dry-run" analysis, which divides the unexposed population into "pseudo-exposed" and "pseudo-unexposed" groups so that differences on observed covariates resemble differences between the actual exposed and unexposed populations. With no exposure effect separating the pseudo-exposed and pseudo-unexposed groups, a DRS model is evaluated by its ability to retrieve an unconfounded null estimate after adjustment in this pseudo-population. We used simulations and an empirical example to compare traditional DRS performance metrics with the dry-run validation. In simulations, the dry run often improved assessment of confounding control, compared with the C statistic and goodness-of-fit tests. In the empirical example, PS and DRS matching gave similar results and showed good performance in terms of covariate balance (PS matching) and controlling confounding in the dry-run analysis (DRS matching). The dry-run analysis may prove useful in evaluating confounding control through DRS models.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Wyss R,Hansen BB,Ellis AR,Gagne JJ,Desai RJ,Glynn RJ,Stürmer Tdoi
10.1093/aje/kwx032subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-05-01 00:00:00pages
842-852issue
9eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256pii
3062215journal_volume
185pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Because measles immunization has been found in all studies to reduce mortality with more than the share of deaths attributed to acute measles, the authors examined mortality after measles infection in a study in a rural area of Senegal that included 6,924 unimmunized children, whom 1,118 developed measles. Age-adjuste...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008667
更新日期:1996-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The authors present a computer program for hypothesis testing and calculation of exact binomial confidence intervals for the adjusted relative risk in follow-up studies involving multiple strata with incidence density (person-time) denominators and small or zero person-count numerators. The program is an extension to ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114535
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::An episode is described in which tissue culture in a laboratory could have become intoxicated due to the recirculation of toxic exhaust fumes extruded from the roof of a research institution. A route of entry was found whereby a portion of fume hood exhaust was reintroduced into the building by means of large intake f...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113094
更新日期:1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding the mediation mechanisms by which an exposure or intervention affects an outcome can provide a look into what has been called a "black box" of many epidemiologic associations, thereby providing further evidence of a relationship and possible points of intervention. Rapid methodologic developments in medi...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwy248
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence from animal and cell models suggests that pesticides cause a neurodegenerative process leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Human data are insufficient to support this claim for any specific pesticide, largely because of challenges in exposure assessment. The authors developed and validated an exposure assess...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwp006
更新日期:2009-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Limited data are available on cognitive performance in populations of intravenous drug users during the early, asymptomatic stages of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Between 1988 and 1990, 151 participants from the AIDS Link to Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) Study in Baltimore, Maryland, were ev...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116446
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this issue of the Journal, Van Ewijk et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(8):729-736) report intriguing associations between prenatal exposure to the religious month of Ramadan and body anthropometry among adult Muslims in Indonesia. They categorized prenatal exposure according to the relative timing of Ramadan and the...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwt024
更新日期:2013-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Studies have provided evidence of an inverse association between atopic allergic conditions (AACs) and invasive colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality in predominantly white populations. We examined the association between AACs (asthma, hay fever, or allergy) and CRC among white, African-American, Native Hawa...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu361
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence concerning the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of colorectal cancer remains controversial. The authors assessed the association of H. pylori seroprevalence with risk of colorectal cancer in a large population-based case-control study from Germany in 2003-2007. Serum antibodies to H. p...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwr331
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since a positive association between blood pressure and plasma glucose level in child populations has been observed previously, we studied this relationship in a stratified random sample of children ages 7-15 years drawn from a total geographic population. We stratified this population (N = 3524) by diastolic blood pr...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113103
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relation between measures of general and central adiposity and individual cardiovascular endpoints remains understudied in older adults. This study investigated the association of measures of body size and composition with incident ischemic stroke or coronary heart disease (1989-2007) in 3,754 community-dwelling U...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq311
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured in 4170 nondiabetic adult residents of a suburban California community. At all ages the median FPG in men was higher (103-107 mg/dl) than the median FPG in women (96-104 mg/dl). FPG levels correlated weakly with obesity, and male-female differences persisted after adjustme...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113021
更新日期:1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Differential survival associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was evaluated in a cross-country study using four population-based IDDM cohorts from Japan (n = 1,374), Israel (n = 610), Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (n = 995), and Finland (n = 5,144). For the purpose of this cross-country comparison,...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Levels of exposure biomarkers vary among individuals because of differences in both environmental exposure and metabolism. However, the ultimate interest is in providing information about the impact of modifying environmental exposures through regulation or behavior change. Using these levels in studies of pregnancy o...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwt314
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine risk factors for Ewing's bone sarcoma, the authors interviewed mothers of 43 patients diagnosed between January 1978 and August 1986 and 193 controls in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, regarding medical and occupational history of parents and other factors related to the subjects and their immedia...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116265
更新日期:1992-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Nutritional conditions in early life may affect adult health, but prior studies of mortality have been limited to small samples. We evaluated the relationship between pre-/perinatal famine exposure during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 and mortality through age 63 years among 41,096 men born in 1944-1947 and exa...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu288
更新日期:2015-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::The authors investigated families with at least one hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carried in Okinawa, Japan, to determine possible routes of hepatitis B virus transmission within family units. A total of 175 members of 37 families on the western part of Iriomote Island, Okinawa, were followed up for 2-13 years; ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113923
更新日期:1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were monitored for five years with samples from 79 keratoconjunctivitis patients with type 8 adenovirus (AV-8) infection. Geometric mean antibody titers declined from 1:161 at the peak of the epidemic to 1:56 after five years. Computerized analysis of the decline ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112797
更新日期:1979-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simulation studies using susceptible-infectious-recovered models were conducted to estimate individuals' risk of infection and time to infection in small-world and randomly mixing networks. Infection transmitted more rapidly but ultimately resulted in fewer infected individuals in the small-world, compared with the ra...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi308
更新日期:2005-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Investigations of gene (G)-environment (E) interactions have led to limited findings to date, possibly due to weak effects of individual genetic variants. Polygenic risk scores (PRS), which capture the genetic susceptibility associated with a set of variants, can be a powerful tool for detecting global patterns of int...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwz175
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in case-control studies, but there are limited data from prospective studies assessing whether virus exposure predicts risk of future cancer development. Two major biobanks, the Southern Sweden Microbiology Biobank (1971-20...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwr373
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::After screening out inappropriate or doubtful covariates on the basis of background knowledge, one may still be left with many potential confounders. It is then tempting to use statistical variable-selection methods to reduce the number used for adjustment. Nonetheless, there is no agreement on how selection should be...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwm355
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present report evaluates a method for the determination of the maximal velocity of the outward sodium, potassium, chlorine (Na-K-Cl) cotransport in erythrocytes. The loading procedure was carried out using the ionophore nystatin. The technical error for this assay, based on concurrent analysis of randomized blind ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114602
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparison between prescriber records and patient-reported oral contraceptive histories obtained during a case-control study of thromboembolism and oral contraceptive use served as the basis for evaluating the extent of agreement between these two sources of information. Agreement between oral contraceptive user and...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112529
更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The problem of recall bias when reporting breast feeding duration is investigated. Data are presented from the follow-up of over 1,000 children from a birth cohort (1982) in southern Brazil, when they were on average 11, 23, and 47 months of age. Compared with the response given at 11 months of age, 24% of mothers mis...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115693
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::To study the role of nutrition in the association of birth size and childhood growth with development of cardiovascular disease, the authors in 2002-2004 surveyed 665 men and 790 women aged 25-42 years who had been exposed as children to a community-randomized nutrition supplementation intervention in four villages in...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwj328
更新日期:2006-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The determinants of individuals changes in gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were examined in 1,171 males and 1,267 females in Tromsø, Norway, according to a 7-year longitudinal design. The basis for the study was two comprehensive population surveys in 1979-1980 and 1986-1987. In both sexes, increase in GGT displayed a...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117075
更新日期:1994-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The possible relation between the occurrence of brain tumors in children and exposure to electric blankets or electrically heated water beds was investigated in a multicenter, population-based case-control study conducted on the West Coast of the United States. Information on maternal exposure during pregnancy or dire...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008688
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In public health, it has long been observed that "place"-specifically, where one lives-affects individual health, with the main research question distinguishing between the effects of "context" (defined as area characteristics) and "composition" (the characteristics of inhabitants) on health outcomes. There have been ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx085
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Among the major sources of indoor air pollution are combustion by-products from heating and cooking. Concern is increasing that use of polluting heating and cooking sources can increase cancer risk. In Canada, most cooking and heating currently relies on electricity or natural gas, but, in the past, and still in some ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwk117
更新日期:2007-03-15 00:00:00