Abstract：
:Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious healthcare-associated diarrhoea. Recurrent CDI increases disease morbidity and mortality, posing a high burden to patients and a growing economic burden to the healthcare system. Thus, there exists a significant unmet and increasing medical need for new therapies for CDI. This review aims to provide a concise summary of CDI in general and a specific update on ridinilazole (formerly SMT19969), a novel antibacterial currently under development for the treatment of CDI. Owing to its highly targeted spectrum of activity and ability to spare the normal gut microbiota, ridinilazole provides significant advantages over metronidazole and vancomycin, the mainstay antibiotics for CDI. Ridinilazole is bactericidal against C. difficile and exhibits a prolonged post-antibiotic effect. Furthermore, treatment with ridinilazole results in decreased toxin production. A phase 1 trial demonstrated that oral ridinilazole is well tolerated and specifically targets clostridia whilst sparing other faecal bacteria. Phase 2 and 3 trials will hopefully further our understanding of the clinical utility of ridinilazole for the treatment of CDI.
journal_name
Int J Antimicrob Agentsjournal_title
International journal of antimicrobial agentsauthors
Vickers RJ,Tillotson G,Goldstein EJ,Citron DM,Garey KW,Wilcox MHdoi
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.026subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-08-01 00:00:00pages
137-43issue
2eissn
0924-8579issn
1872-7913pii
S0924-8579(16)30117-0journal_volume
48pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The proline-rich antimicrobial peptide oncocin is remarkably active in vitro against a number of important Gram-negative bacteria of concern to humans owing to their increasing resistance to antibiotics, i.e. Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae) and non-fermenting speci...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.028
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cross-protection by anti-lipid A antibodies may be mediated by contribution to host defence mechanisms such as enhancement of bactericidal activity and phagocytosis. The lipid A-specific murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) E5 was evaluated in vitro for its ability to enhance antibacterial effects in concert with antibiot...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0924-8579(94)90008-6
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As treatment options for critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant bacteria diminish, older antibiotics such as fosfomycin are being investigated for use as last-resort drugs. Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity both against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this review wa...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.05.018
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polymyxins were recently approved for the clinical treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections in China. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular mechanisms of polymyxin-resistant CRE prior to the clinical application of polymyxin and to evaluate the potential for e...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106262
更新日期：2020-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on past information from the literature and our own review, it appears that imipenem can be used effectively as an initial empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia, as a monotherapy, even in patients with haematological malignancies. The response rate is outstanding in microbiologically documented infections, na...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00002-5
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nacubactam is a novel non-β-lactam diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor under development for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections. This study assessed the efficacy of human-simulated epithelial lining fluid (ELF) exposure of nacubactam in combination with meropenem against AmpC-overproducing (n=4) an...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.019
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of antibiotics, as any other drug, is regulated by the terms of its marketing authorisation, notified in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). If a prescription is not in accordance with the SPC, the physician prescribes off-label. There is very little literature regarding off-label use of antibiotics ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.010
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the prevalence of doravirine (DOR) resistance mutations in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-experienced patients. DOR resistance was assessed in samples from NNRTI-experienced patients who underwent genotypic testing for virological failure from the Antiretroviral Response...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.02.007
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To assess the molecular basis of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pullorum, the gyrA gene of H. pullorum CIP 104787T was sequenced. In addition, 9 isolates (2 susceptible to ciprofloxacin and resistant to nalidixic acid, 3 susceptible and 4 resistant to both antibiotics) were selected from 4...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.017
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study determined the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly and assessed whether the growth of beta-lactamase producing bacteria is particularly favoured in these patients. Between December 1998 and May 1999, 187 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and 887 patients with acute ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00277-6
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The selection of antimicrobial agents is guided by the use of formularies which often constrain prescribing options. There are several factors which influence the inclusion of specific agents. Two of the most important factors are microbial etiology of a disease and the incidence of antibiotic resistance. Various surv...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(98)00107-1
更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study we tested the ability of beta-lactam antibiotics and other cell-wall antibiotics to inhibit the production of listeriolysin which is the main virulence factor of L. monocytogenes. The amount of listeriolysin produced was measured in the supernatants with a sensitive hemolysin assay and as beta-gal...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0924-8579(96)00014-3
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole and voriconazole was tested in vitro against 618 clinical Candida spp. isolates, using the broth microdilution or the disk diffusion method (voriconazole). Amphotericin B and voriconazole were the most potent antifungal agents assayed (100% of susc...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.047
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The polymyxin antibiotics [colistin and polymyxin B (PMB)] are increasingly used as a last-line option for the treatment of infections caused by extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Despite having similar structures and antibacterial activity in vitro, the two clinically available polymyxins have very di...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.010
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The global spread of dengue fever within and beyond the usual tropical boundaries threatens a large percentage of the world's population, as human and environmental conditions for persistence and even spread are present in all continents. The disease causes great human suffering, a sizable mortality from dengue haemor...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.018
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The safety of all drugs is established by animal studies, administration to healthy volunteers and the observations during clinical studies to confirm efficacy. During these studies, patients are questioned about side-effects and extensive laboratory testing of blood and urine samples is performed. Despite these exten...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00399-5
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A strong antistaphylococcal peptide (ASP-1) from Bacillus subtilis URID 12.1 strain that is active against cefoxitin- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates was purified to homogeneity by solvent extraction, silica gel-based adsorption chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liqui...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.030
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals is a major public health threat. Information on the prevalence of resistance to specific drugs in both bacterial and animal species together with changes occurring over time, are necessary to understand the magnitude of the problem and to establish baseli...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00140-0
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No standard definition exists for the term, complicated urinary tract infection. The term is usually used to convey an infection that occurs in a host with altered defenses or in a patient with a structural or functional abnormality impeding urine flow. Therapy of complicated infections represents a greater challenge ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0924-8579(94)90045-0
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In addition to the absolute case number, a rapid increase in the number of COVID-19 cases within a short time results in insufficiency of healthcare systems and further negatively affects patient outcomes. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the outcomes of COVID-19 patients and daily cumul...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106001
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus to stressful antifungal therapies may result in decreased susceptibility. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the susceptibility to azole and non-azole antifungals of 159 isolates of A. fumigatus collected from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients receiving azole antifungal therapy. ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.007
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In November 2015, the first plasmid-encoded colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, was described in animals and in humans in China. Subsequently, a multitude of further studies was performed and quite recently the global spread of mcr-1 as well as the occurrence of a new gene variant, mcr-2, was reported. To obtain an overv...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.007
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The chequerboard technique was used to look for synergistic combinations of ceftazidime, imipenem and pefloxacin. The synergistic combinations were used in vivo in mice experimentally infected with Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro ceftazidime/imipenem, ceftazidime/pefloxaci...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00127-4
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Antimicrobial peptides are proving to be promising lead compounds for therapeutics. The major disadvantage of antimicrobial peptides is their proteolytic instability in the body, with half-lives averaging less than an hour. Peptoids, or N-substituted glycines, have emerged as a promising field of peptidomi...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106048
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) of Taiwan issued a new reimbursement regulation effective from 1 February 2001 forbidding the use of antimicrobials in ambulatory patients with upper respiratory infections (URI) without evidence of bacterial infection. We evaluated the effect of this regulation by analys...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.10.013
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, topoisomerase mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and -susceptible Campylobacter jejuni were analysed by DNA sequencing. In certain ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni, the mechanism of resistance was complex. The Thr86-Ala substitution in the GyrA protein appears to play a role in increasing the minimum...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.012
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In 2008, the Scottish Management of Antimicrobial Resistance Action Plan (ScotMARAP) was published by the Scottish Government. One of the key actions was initiation of the Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG), hosted within the Scottish Medicines Consortium, to take forward national implementation of the ke...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.005
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Mixed hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) infections are clinically important as different genotypes have varied sensitivities to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). A high prevalence of mixed GT infections was observed in individuals who inject drugs and had multiple HCV exposures. The prevalence of mixed ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.06.001
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr was evaluated in a collection of 382 isolates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected between February and March 2006 for the nationwide Spanish GEIH-...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.12.009
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Strains of Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin have been isolated in several countries. This study compares treatment of Salmonella infection using ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) for 10 days with chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg per day divided into four doses) for 14 days. The pathogen eradicati...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00262-4
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
