Abstract：
:The safety of all drugs is established by animal studies, administration to healthy volunteers and the observations during clinical studies to confirm efficacy. During these studies, patients are questioned about side-effects and extensive laboratory testing of blood and urine samples is performed. Despite these extensive studies, new problems may arise during post marketing surveillance which is designed to identify any rare side-effects. Today, all studies suggest that macrolides, and especially the more recently developed agents, are well tolerated. Some variations in tolerability may be due to the size of the macrocyclic ring and the presence of different esters. There are very few instances of irreversible organ damage.
journal_name
Int J Antimicrob Agentsjournal_title
International journal of antimicrobial agentsauthors
Williams JDdoi
10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00399-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-01-01 00:00:00pages
S77-81eissn
0924-8579issn
1872-7913pii
S0924857901003995journal_volume
18 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cefepime is administered as an intermittent infusion (II); however, continuous infusion (CI) may be advantageous because β-lactam antibiotics exhibit time-dependent antibacterial activity. This retrospective, non-randomised, comparative study included 68 neurosurgical patients with post-operative intracranial infectio...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.019
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to develop an in-vitro topical treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) effective against cysts and trophozoites. Qualitative assays were performed with voriconazole, chlorhexidine, propamidine, cellulase, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and paromomycin as monotherapy and various combinations. Rib...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.033
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study was to obtain data on the susceptibility of pathogens responsible for acute uncomplicated cystitis in South Korea to currently used antimicrobial agents. A total of 239 isolates were obtained from female outpatients with acute uncomplicated cystitis. The most prevalent causative organism wa...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.012
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The infecting pathogen and its susceptibility to antibiotics is used to suggest prognosis in endocarditis. A case study was performed in a tertiary referral cardiology centre to assess the contribution of the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the decision to treat endocarditis surgically. The re...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.08.012
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Globally, antibiotic resistance continues to be an increasing problem. The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae has seriously reduced the number of empirical agents suitable for selecte...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70003-2
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antimicrobial resistance is a concern both for animal and human health. Veterinary programmes monitoring resistance of animal and zoonotic pathogens are therefore essential. Various European countries have implemented national surveillance programmes, particularly for zoonotic and commensal bacteria, and the European ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.004
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Triple therapy combining the protease inhibitor telaprevir with interferon-α and ribavirin is a promising new option for long-term treatment of hepatitis C. The interaction potential of telaprevir has not yet been fully elucidated. The in vitro potency of telaprevir to inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and breast c...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.10.003
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-Ab) is one of the most significant nosocomial pathogens that is being increasingly isolated in healthcare settings worldwide. Owing to its inherent drug-resistant nature, coupled with its ability to readily acquire resistance to other antibiotic classes, there is a real...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.018
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In 2008, the Scottish Management of Antimicrobial Resistance Action Plan (ScotMARAP) was published by the Scottish Government. One of the key actions was initiation of the Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG), hosted within the Scottish Medicines Consortium, to take forward national implementation of the ke...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.005
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Piperacillin plasma concentrations are known to vary between critically ill patients. However, there are no comprehensive data on the variability of antibiotic concentrations within the same patient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adequacy of dosing during an entire 7-day antibiotic course and to inv...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.028
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr was evaluated in a collection of 382 isolates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected between February and March 2006 for the nationwide Spanish GEIH-...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.12.009
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aspergillus flavus is the second most common Aspergillus spp. causing invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Extensive prophylactic use of voriconazole (VCZ) in immunocompromised patients may enhance the selection of VCZ-resistant clinical isolates of A. flavus, compromising the effectiveness of this antif...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.018
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nacubactam is a novel non-β-lactam diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor under development for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections. This study assessed the efficacy of human-simulated epithelial lining fluid (ELF) exposure of nacubactam in combination with meropenem against AmpC-overproducing (n=4) an...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.019
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of eight aminoglycosides (amikacin, apramycin, arbekacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin and tobramycin) against a collection of 257 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC)-resistant Escherichia coli isolates was determined by microdilution. Aminoglycoside resistance rates, the prevalence of aminog...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.008
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antimicrobial resistance and sulphonamide resistance determinants were studied in 20 co-trimoxazole resistant Escherichia coli in faecal samples from healthy children in Bolivia and Peru. Methods used were disc diffusion susceptibility tests, PCR, sequence analysis and plasmid conjugation assays. All isolates but one ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.12.004
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular epidemiology studies aiming at understanding the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance by clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae are regularly published; however, information on the genes that contribute to its characteristic phenotype of resistance to antibiotics (intrinsic resistome) is scarce. To fi...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.012
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of six fluoroquinolones (FQs) was determined against 100 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in 2002 along with mutations in the grlA and gyrA genes and in the norA promoter of these isolates. Of the isolates tested, 97% had mutations in grlA and gyrA. A single mutation in grlA and...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.11.016
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mutants with oxazolidinone MICs, 2- to 16-fold higher than those of parents, were selected from two of five clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis during exposure to AZD2563, but only at frequencies of ca. 10(-8). Resistance was not selected in Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus or coagulase-negative stap...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.06.004
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dental biofilm harbouring oral bacteria is highly correlated with the progression of dental diseases. Disruption of biofilm formation via anti-adhesion agents is an alternative means to the antibacterial approach. Previous studies have shown that high molecular weight non-dialysable material (NDM) derived from cranber...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.10.014
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections. Antipseudomonal carbapenems are among the antimicrobial agents used to treat PA infections, but several mechanisms of resistance, including the production of a carbapenemase (CP), may compromise their clinical efficacy. The objectives of...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105959
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important pathogen in the human herpes family for immunocompromised hosts. Recognition and monitoring of CMV disease has been improved due to development of four quantitative laboratory assays for CMV: antigenemia, polymerase chain reaction for CMV DNA, branched DNA assay, and the hyb...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(96)00339-1
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) of Taiwan issued a new reimbursement regulation effective from 1 February 2001 forbidding the use of antimicrobials in ambulatory patients with upper respiratory infections (URI) without evidence of bacterial infection. We evaluated the effect of this regulation by analys...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.10.013
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coxiella burnetii is the bacterial agent of Q fever in humans. Acute Q fever generally manifests as a flu-like illness and is typically self-resolving. In contrast, chronic Q fever usually presents with endocarditis and is often life-threatening without appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Unfortunately, available optio...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.017
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acinetobacter baumannii has been associated with several severe hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and meningitis. Sulbactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor, is usually combined with β-lactam antibiotics to treat infections. It has been found that sulbactam alone may be used to treat infecti...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.004
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tigecycline, is a novel broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic, which has activity against a broad range of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, atypical, anaerobic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This includes activity against MRSA, VRE and penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Whilst exhibiting antibacterial a...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.11.006
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In vitro pharmacokinetic models are excellent tools with which to study an antibacterial's pharmacodynamics (pD), being flexible, adaptable, low cost, and correlating well with animal and human systems. They can be used to perform simple descriptive studies on antibacterial effect, determine the dominant pD factor and...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00027-4
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No standard definition exists for the term, complicated urinary tract infection. The term is usually used to convey an infection that occurs in a host with altered defenses or in a patient with a structural or functional abnormality impeding urine flow. Therapy of complicated infections represents a greater challenge ...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0924-8579(94)90045-0
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study looked for beta-lactamase production in 100 Prevotella isolates. MICs were determined for amoxycillin, ticarcillin, amoxycillin+clavulanate, cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime and cefotaxime using the reference agar dilution method (standard M11 A4, NCCLS). Beta-lactamase activity was detected i...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00352-7
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mechanisms and transferability of beta-lactam resistance in 50 ceftazidime resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae was studied. These strains were selected from 1991 E. coli, 1035 Enterobacter spp., 168 Citrobacter spp. and 1371 Klebsiella spp., isolated from patients hospitalized in ICUs and in the pediatric and urol...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0924-8579(98)00027-2
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied an in vitro model of continuous venovenous haemofiltration to determine levofloxacin adsorption by polyacrylonitrile (PAN) filters. Four doses of levofloxacin (5, 25, 50 and 100 mg) were used, resulting in circulating concentrations of levofloxacin at 120 min of 3.56+/-0.14, 15.84+/-2.08, 31.42+/-1.95 and 5...
journal_title：International journal of antimicrobial agents
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.025
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
