Abstract:
:This article discusses ways in which randomized controlled trials do not accurately measure the impact of HIV behavioral interventions. This is because: 1. Such trials measure the wrong outcomes. Behavior change may have little to do with changes in HIV incidence since behavior change in events between HIV-concordant people have no impact on incidence. Even more important, the comparison of HIV incidence rates between study arms of individual-level RCTs does not measure the true outcome of interest-whether or not the intervention reduces HIV transmission at the community level. This is because this comparison cannot measure the extent to which the intervention stops transmission by HIV-infected people in the study to those outside it. (And this is made even worse if HIV-infected are excluded from the evaluation of the intervention.) 2. There are potential harms implicit in most cognitively oriented behavioral interventions that are not measured in current practice and may not be measurable using RCTs. Intervention trials often reinforce norms and values of individual self-protection. They rarely if ever measure whether doing this reduces community trust, solidarity, cohesion, organization, or activism in ways that might facilitate HIV transmission. 3. Many interventions are not best conceived of as interventions with individuals but rather with networks, cultures of risks, or communities. As such, randomizing individuals leads to effective interventions that diffuse protection through a community; but these are evaluated as ineffective because the changes diffuse to the control arm, which leads to systematic and erroneous reductions in the evaluated effectiveness as RCTs measure it. The paper ends by discussing research designs that are superior to individual-level RCTs at measuring whether an intervention reduces or increases new HIV transmission.
journal_name
Subst Use Misusejournal_title
Substance use & misuseauthors
Friedman SR,Perlman DC,Ompad DCdoi
10.3109/10826084.2015.1007677subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-01-01 00:00:00pages
1117-24issue
8-9eissn
1082-6084issn
1532-2491journal_volume
50pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Wine-induced facilitation of aggressive behavior was well known by the Ancients but, being considered a sign of cowardice, its exploitation on the battlefield was attributed to barbarians only. Aspects of drinking behavior considered particularly negative, such as drinking undiluted wine or getting drunk, were also at...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826089709055857
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are behaviors engaged in immediately prior to, during, after, or instead of drinking with the explicit goal of reducing alcohol use, intoxication, and/or alcohol-related harms. Despite the quantitative support for alcohol PBS as a protective factor among college...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1464026
更新日期:2018-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::The association between stimulant use and legal outcomes was examined in rural adults aged 18-21 years (n = 98) in the Mississippi River Delta of Arkansas from 2003 through 2008. Participants were interviewed at baseline and every 6 months for 2 years, using the Substance Abuse Outcomes Module, Addiction Severity Inde...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.526981
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This note first presents a summary of four main behavioral models that are used to explain behavioral motivation and change. Three models are based on psychosocial theory. They are: 1) the Theory of Reasoned Action, 2) the Theory of Planned Behavior, and 3) the Theory of Stages-of-Change. The fourth model is based on ...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826080009147700
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study examined a representative sample of the 1,060,000 individuals discharged from drug user treatment in the United States in the 12 months before September 1990, and compared self-reports of behavior 5 years before to 5 years after treatment. Self-reports about recent drug use were compared with urine samples, ...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826080009148243
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was conducted as an evaluation of a two-year pilot program started in 1998 in the Netherlands to provide free hepatitis B vaccination targeted at drug users (DUs). In order to identify which demographic and social-cognitive factors predict vaccination uptake, written questionnaires were distributed i...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826080802344609
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines patterns of alcohol consumption among the Hispanic immigrant population in Valencia (Spain), and also whether the length of immigrants' residence in our country and perceived degree of discrimination have any influence on such patterns. A total of 610 Spanish-speaking immigrants (314 women, 296 men...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826080903550554
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the mid-20th century, Selvararajan Yesudian (1916-1998), who was born in India to a Christian father, a physician, and spent most of his life in Switzerland, coauthored (with Elisabeth Haich) a book entitled Yoga and Health; since then, the coupling of these two words has largely defined the meaning of yoga in the ...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.803878
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in Asia is increasing and relapse among treated populations remains the norm, not the exception. The extent to which cognitive impairment influences clinical outcome remains unclear, with research dominated by studies of Caucasian populations. OBJECTIVES:This study ex...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1092985
更新日期:2016-01-28 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:College drinking has become a significant health issue in China; the current study addressed the gap that no prior research has investigated drinking motives among Chinese undergraduate students. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to replicate the four-factor structure of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1027924
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Background: Tobacco use is recognized as a form of addiction and remains a significant health concern. Despite this well accepted problem, the various components associated with tobacco use across gender remain relatively unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between tobacc...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1775649
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Background: Alcohol harm is a major contributor to the burden of disease in South Africa. This study aimed to identify the extent of heavy drinking and symptoms of alcohol problems among adult drinkers and associated demographic and other risk factors in the Tshwane Metropole of South Africa. Methods: A household surv...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1609987
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Individuals experiencing elevated negative mood and stress may drink to self-medicate, yet daily-level evidence for these associations is mixed. OBJECTIVE:To clarify daily associations between negative mood and perceived stress with alcohol use among high-risk college students and test whether these associa...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1392980
更新日期:2018-05-12 00:00:00
abstract::This article discusses the use and distribution of heroin in New York City, both historically and especially currently. Data on the current situation derive in large measure from the Heroin Project, a recently completed five-year ethnographic study of heroin in New York City funded by the National Institute on Drug Ab...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1081/ja-120023397
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reports on the effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on drug and alcohol treatment in Texas in 2005-2006. Findings are based on a secondary analysis of administrative data on 567 hurricane-related admissions and on interview data from a sample of 20 staff in 11 treatment programs. Katrina evacuees differed...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826080902962011
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Evidence is provided about the association between "alcohol-use disorders" and the 14-year risk of death in a community sample. Most prior descriptions of this association come from treatment samples. METHOD:3,481 adult household residents were recruited into the NIMB Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area s...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826080009147471
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Attentional bias (AB) is the tendency for substance-related stimuli to grab attention. The addiction Stroop task is widely used for measuring AB in the lab, but it has poor reliability and inconsistent predictive validity. Therefore, there is a need to improve the psychometric properties of the task. OBJECT...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1536716
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four focus groups involving 26 male and female high school seniors were conducted to provide insight into the context and settings in which alcohol is provided to youth, and why some youth choose certain sources of alcohol over others. Adults over the age of 21 years were the most common source of alcohol used by part...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826089709027310
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many persons with chronic and severe substance use disorders (SUDs) enter and exit public substance dependence treatment systems with limited benefit, but continue overuse of high-cost health and human services. Less than a third holds jobs, earning income below U.S. federal poverty levels. Long-term integrated substa...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1081/ja-200034667
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Objectives: Use of alcohol or benzodiazepines with opioid pain-relievers increases risk of overdose and overdose death. A substantial proportion of adults receives an opioid prescription each year, and a number of these adults also use benzodiazepines or alcohol. As public opinion continues to shape public policy, it ...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1731545
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A dearth of longitudinal research has been observed regarding the measurement of the behavioral process of adolescent smoking initiation. The present study operationalizes the leading model on the process of smoking initiation, including two stages of nonpersistent smoking behavior that were previously unlabelled. An ...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/ja-120028489
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this article is to present a theoretical model of how to undertake evaluations of prevention programs directed at adolescents. Based on the results from metaanalyses of outcome studies of school-based programs, this article concludes that interactive programs tend to be more effective than not only those ma...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/ja-120024243
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three large U.S. epidemiological surveys researching the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric illness and "substance abuse disorders" are reviewed: the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study, (N=20,219); the National Comorbidity Survey (N=8098), and the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiological Survey (N=42,862). Find...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/ja-120004178
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Self-identification with ethnic-specific labels may indicate successful ethnic identity formation, which could protect against substance use. Alternatively, it might indicate affiliation with oppositional subcultures, a potential risk factor. This study examined longitudinal associations between ethnic labels and subs...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.795172
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the findings of a descriptive analysis of 27 online drug retailers selling legal alternatives to illegal drugs, commonly referred to as "herbal highs" and "legal highs" in 2008 . The study attempted to quantify the online availability of drug retailers, to describe common products and characteri...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826080903443628
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measures of sexual health were assessed during 2008-2009 in a New York City sample of 102 injection and noninjection users of heroin, cocaine, or crack. There was considerable overlap and transitioning between crack smoking and injecting. Crack users were also significantly more likely to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual ...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.521470
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Gambling Task (GT) has demonstrated sensitivity to a type of decision-making that differentiates individuals manifesting substance use disorders from those without such disorders. However, studies have not yet compared the GT performance of "heavy smokers" to the performance of never-smokers. In the present study,...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10826080802484173
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Economic analyses of substance misuse prevention assess the intervention cost necessary to achieve a particular outcome, and thereby provide an additional dimension for evaluating prevention programming. This article reviews several types of economic analysis, considers how they can be applied to substance misuse prev...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.663276
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The stress-negative affect model for alcohol use was examined. The mediating roles of different components of negative affect were tested in the context of coping style. Data from 1,057 drinking adults (Mage = 44.45) and 352 drinking college students (Mage = 19.07) collected during 2001-2005 and in 2010, respectively,...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.761713
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many believe that the public attitude toward psychotropic drugs is easy to change because it depends upon transient socioeconomic and cultural contingencies. This belief is here tested by analyzing literary sources on the use of wine and poppy derivatives in the Greek and Roman civilizations. As expected, the existenc...
journal_title:Substance use & misuse
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10826089709027300
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00