Abstract:
:Implications of the multistage theory of carcinogenesis for evaluating the effect of exposure to carcinogens in the workplace are described. This theory predicts different patterns of excess risk related to duration of exposure, age at initial exposure, and follow-up time since exposure stopped, depending upon which stage of the carcinogenic process is affected by the carcinogen, i.e., action at an early stage or a late stage. New statistical methodologies are proposed to examine these patterns and are applied to the lung cancer mortality experience from a cohort study of smelter workers exposed to arsenic. Under this multistage hypothesis, the results indicate that arsenic exerts a definite late stage effect though an additional effect at the initial stage cannot be ruled out. The possibilities of biased conclusions resulting from incomplete exposure histories and lack of smoking information are also discussed as well as implications of these results to experimental animal studies.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Brown CC,Chu KCdoi
10.1289/ehp.8350293subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1983-04-01 00:00:00pages
293-308eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
50pub_type
杂志文章abstract::All cells contain elaborate systems for the spatial and temporal regulation of the calcium ion, [Ca2+]i, and diverse Ca2+ receptor and biochemical response systems that are regulated by these changes in [Ca2+]i. Toxicants that perturb the mobilization or homeostasis of [Ca2+]i will place the regulation of these proces...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.90847
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In April 2004, one of the largest aflatoxicosis outbreaks occurred in rural Kenya, resulting in 317 cases and 125 deaths. Aflatoxin-contaminated homegrown maize was the source of the outbreak, but the extent of regional contamination and status of maize in commercial markets (market maize) were unknown. We conducted a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7998
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The activities of plants and plant/microbial associations may offer a viable means of accomplishing the in situ remediation of contaminated soils. Two uses of plants for phytoremediation are reported here. In one set of studies, the ability of plants to foster degradative microorganisms was investigated. Results indic...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s413
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been associated with alterations in ovarian function and hormones in animals, it has not been studied in humans. On 10 July 1976, an explosion exposed residents of Seveso, Italy, to the highest levels of TCDD in a population. Twenty years later, we init...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9667
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We analyzed questionnaire and physician examination data for 1560 new immigrants from the former USSR divided into three groups by potential exposure to Chernobyl radiation. Two groups were chosen according to soil contamination by cesium-137 at former residences, as confirmed by our findings in a 137Cs body burden st...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103936
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper examines behavioral changes in natural populations of wildlife associated with pollution. Although some changes such as lack of nest attentiveness and decreased nest defense have been noted, the results have not been consistent and have been difficult to relate to specific pollutants. Experimental studies i...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s2331
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cadmium exposure may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The only published longitudinal study on cadmium and incident cardiovascular disease was performed in American Indians with relatively high cadmium exposure. OBJECTIVES:Our aim was to examine the association between blood cadmium at baseline ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1509735
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current research indicates a role for several oncogenes in radiation-induced carcinogenesis in vivo and cell transformation in vitro. Certain oncogenes are probably also involved in some cases of human cancer caused by exposure to nonionizing radiation and may play a mechanistic role in the phenomenon of radioresistan...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.919345
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::With this research I tested the hypothesis that individual preferences for specific ecosystem components and restorative environments are significantly associated with quality of life (QOL). A total of 379 human subjects responded to a structured 18-item questionnaire on topophilia and to the 26-item World Health Orga...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7467
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adults eating a Western diet digest and absorb ingested food containing approximately 100 g fat, 350 g carbohydrate, and 75 g protein daily. Normal fat absorption requires adequate gastric, pancreatic, liver-biliary, mucosal, and lymphatic function. Carbohydrate and protein absorption is much less dependent on liver-b...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7933101
更新日期:1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The central feature of hemopoiesis is life-long, stable cell renewal. This process is supported by hemopoietic stem cells which, in the steady state, appear to be dormant in cell cycling. The entry into cell cycle of the dormant stem cells may be promoted by such factors as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and gra...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8980199
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The decline of many amphibian species could be caused by their susceptibility to environmental pollutants that cause cellular stress and cell death. A variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways are activated by environmental stress factors, which result in cell death. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are i...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110641
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human DNA adduct formation (covalent modification of DNA with chemical carcinogens) is a promising biomarker for elucidating the molecular epidemiology of cancer. Classes of compounds for which human DNA adducts have been observed include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrosamines, mycotoxins, aromatic amin...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s5883
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Enteric illness arising from contaminated water and food is a major health concern worldwide, and tracking the incidences and severity of outbreaks is still a challenging task. Most developed and developing countries have administrative databases for medical visits and services maintained by the government a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9199
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The presence of blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in surface waters used for drinking water sources and recreation is receiving increasing attention around the world as a public health concern. However, potential risks from exposure to these toxins in contaminated health food products that contain BGA have been largely ig...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108435
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We conducted a 1-year epidemiologic study in Boston, Massachusetts, beginning May 1997, to examine the associations between environmental factors and office workers' health. We recruited 98 subjects (81 females and 17 males) in 21 offices in four office buildings. We conducted environmental sampling every 6 weeks and ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.5697
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reports on the prevalence of lead poisoning in children between 1 and 5 years of age living in a marginal area to the north of Mexico City and also includes an evaluation of sources of exposure to this metal in the same area. The results show that 67.5% of the children studied have blood lead (PbB) levels >...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.104-1469505
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This subject concerns the complex interrelationship of a genetically determined protein deficiency, enzymes which are inhibited by that protein, environmental challenges such as cigarette smoke and industrial pollutants, and the occurrence of obstructive lung disease (Fig. 1). Unequivocal establishment of an etiologic...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.792957
更新日期:1979-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is growing public pressure to minimize the use of vertebrates in ecotoxicity testing; therefore, effective alternatives to toxicity tests causing suffering are being sought. This report discusses alternatives and differs in some respects from the reports of the other three groups because the primary concern is w...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type:
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106441
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Thyroid hormones are important regulators of brain development. During critical periods of development, even transient disorders in thyroid hormone availability may lead to profound neurologic impairment. Animal experiments have shown that certain environmental pollutants, including heavy metals and organoch...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10486
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A population of approximately 650 beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabits a short segment of the St. Lawrence estuary (SLE). Over 17 years (1983-1999), we have examined 129 (or 49%) of 263 SLE beluga carcasses reported stranded. The major primary causes of death were respiratory and gastrointestinal infections with me...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110285
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is ongoing discussion that inhaled nanoparticles (NPs, < 100 nm) may translocate from epithelial deposition sites of the lungs to systemic circulation. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS:We studied the disappearance of NPs from the epithelium by sequential lung retention and clearance and bronchoalveolar lavage (...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9685
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Groundwater pollution has become a worrisome phenomenon, mainly for aquifers underlying industrialized areas. In order to evaluate the risk of pollution, a model of the aquifer is needed. Herewith, we describe a quasi-tridimensional model, which we applied to a multilayered aquifer where a phreatic aquifer was coupled...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.898377
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mineral fibers and particulates represent one of the best documented, economically important, and ubiquitously occurring categories of human carcinogens. Yet, while a wealth of information exists concerning the mechanism of action of physical, chemical, and viral carcinogens, virtually nothing is known relative to the...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.803459
更新日期:1980-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Use of pyrethroid insecticides has increased dramatically over the past decade; however, data on their potential health effects, particularly on children, are limited. OBJECTIVE:We examined the cross-sectional association between postnatal pyrethroid exposure and parental report of learning disability (LD) ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1308031
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The goal of this study was to identify mental, behavioral, and cognitive disorders that may be triggered or exacerbated during heat waves, predisposing individuals to heat-related morbidity and mortality. DESIGN:Using health outcome data from Adelaide, South Australia, for 1993-2006, we estimated the effect ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11339
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Microcystin-LR, a cyclic heptapeptide, possesses the ability to inhibit the serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and, consequently, exhibits acute hepatocytotoxicity. Moreover, microcystin-LR induces cellular proliferation, resulting in tumor-promoting activity in hepatocytes. However, mechanis...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1001899
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Predictions of carcinogenic activity are made for 30 chemicals currently being assessed for rodent carcinogenicity by the U.S. National Toxicology Program. The predictions are based upon the chemical structure, the anticipated or reported mutagenicity, and the reported sub-chronic toxicity of each chemical. It is pred...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s51101
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper concerns the testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the estimation of gene frequency in the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) system. An extensive simulation study for both testing and estimation is given for investigating the performance of the projection method by Eguchi and Matsuura, which has a closed ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9087149
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many assays for oncogenic transformation have been developed ranging from those in established rodent cell lines where morphological alteration is scored, to those in human cells growing in nude mice where tumor invasiveness is scored. In general, systems that are most quantitative are also the least relevant in terms...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9088149
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00