Abstract：
:To assess the relevance of previously identified axonal atrophy to hexanedione neuropathy, the present study quantitated fiber size in peripheral nerve of rats intoxicated with 2,5-hexanedione (HD) by either oral ingestion (0.4% in drinking water) or ip injection (0.4 g/kg/day). Prior to the appearance of neurobehavioral deficits, rats exposed to oral HD (77 days) exhibited axonal atrophy in proximal sciatic nerve and giant axonal swellings in distal tibial nerve. As oral-treated rats progressed to moderate (86 days) and severe (103 days) hindlimb weakness, both nerve regions contained a mixed population of atrophied and swollen axons. Rats injected with HD ip were sampled at behavioral endpoints that matched those of oral HD-treated rats. In sciatic and tibial nerves from rats treated ip, reductions in the axon area were similar to oral exposure. However, ip treatment did not produce giant axonal swellings in either nerve. Thus, although both routes of administration caused equivalent behavioral neurotoxicity, the expression of axonal swellings was route-dependent. This suggests that the production of swellings depends upon the HD exposure pattern. In contrast, axonal atrophy was prevalent in both nerve regions sampled and developed in parallel with behavioral deficits. In addition, atrophy was expressed regardless of the intoxication route which indicates that atrophy can occur independent of axonal swellings. Together, these attributes suggest that atrophy is a specific component of HD neurotoxicity.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Lehning EJ,Dyer KS,Jortner BS,LoPachin RMdoi
10.1006/taap.1995.1208subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-11-01 00:00:00pages
58-66issue
1eissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041-008X(85)71208-2journal_volume
135pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Skin is the largest and most accessible drug-metabolizing organ. In mammals, it is the competent barrier that protects against exposure to harmful stimuli in the environment and in the systemic circulation. Skin expresses many cytochromes P450 that have critical roles in exogenous and endogenous substrate metabolism. ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2003.09.020
更新日期：2004-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The synergistic percutaneous enhancement between insect repellent DEET and sunscreen oxybenzone has been proven in our laboratory using a series of in vitro diffusion studies. In this study, we carried out an in vivo study to characterize skin permeation profiles from topical skin application of three commercially ava...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.05.016
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabolism of methylene chloride, or dichloromethane (DCM), plays a key role in determining the kinetics and carcinogenicity of the halocarbon. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate and optimize the vial equilibration technique, originally described by Sato and Nakajima (1979a), in order to characterize the h...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1996.0163
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several neurotoxic compounds cause aggregation of neurofilaments in peripheral axons. This may represent a primary action of these chemicals or a secondary response to other cellular damage. To distinguish between these possibilities, the effects of acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) on vimentin were examined in ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(89)90063-x
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We use a stochastic model describing initiation and clonal growth of altered cells to analyze data from an initiation-promotion hepatocarcinogenesis experiment in female Wistar rats. Starting at 7 weeks of age, the animals were treated for 10 days with the initiating agent diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 10 mg/kg body wt per...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2000.8980
更新日期：2000-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To study the genotoxicity of valepotriates in vitro, the degree of DNA damage in human endothelial cell line ECV304 treated with 5-60 microg/mL of dichloromethane extracts of valerian (DEV) was analyzed by the Comet assay. No DNA damage was observed in ECV304 cells after culture for 48 h in the presence of 5,10, and 2...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00017-6
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the role of air humidity and allergic sensitization on the acute airway response to inhaled formaldehyde (FA) vapor. Mice were sensitized to the immunogen ovalbumin (OVA) by three intraperitoneal injections followed by two aerosol challenges, giving rise to allergic airway inflammation. Control mice we...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.006
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of isocyanates in industry has been increasing and, therefore, the potential for human exposure has also increased. Two such isocyanates are diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI) and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (SMDI). Furthermore, there are only a few reports describing the toxicity of these diiso...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90182-6
更新日期：1985-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Male, English smooth haired guinea pigs were exposed to thermal decomposition products, i.e., smoke, generated by heating Douglas fir in an open system. Various amounts of Douglas fir were placed in a furnace, at room temperature, and heated at a rate of 11 degrees C/min until completely decomposed. Major decompositio...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(84)90077-2
更新日期：1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bisphenol-A (BPA), a polymer used in plastics manufacturing, and methoxychlor (MXC), a pesticide, are endocrine disrupting compounds with estrogenic and anti-androgenic properties. Prenatal BPA or MXC treatment induces reproductive defects in sheep with BPA causing prepubertal luteinizing hormone (LH) hypersecretion a...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.011
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Baicalin is a major flavonoid compound purified from Scutellariae radix, which has been described as an herb in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Previous studies have suggested baicalin possessed extensive anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral properties. However, up to known, there have been no reports of safety and t...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.003
更新日期：2017-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study is to elucidate the role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the metabolic activation of acetaminophen (APAP) in mouse kidneys. With the kidney microsomes from C3H/HeJ mice, a significant sex-related difference was observed in the NADPH-dependent formation of a reactive APAP metabolite which was trap...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1993.1167
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many herbal medicines and dietary supplements sold as aids to improve memory or treat neurodegenerative diseases or have other favorable effects on the CNS contain a catechol or similar 1,2-dihydroxy aromatic moiety in their structure. As an approach to isolate and examine the neuroprotective properties of catechols, ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.001
更新日期：2008-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Components of the herbicide Agent Orange--2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and their esters, and the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)--and related chemicals were tested for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(84)90084-x
更新日期：1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies have confirmed that maternal tobacco smoking causes intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and skeletal growth retardation. Among a multitude of chemicals associated with cigarette smoking, nicotine is one of the leading candidates for causing low birth weights. However, the possible mechanism of dela...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.008
更新日期：2013-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanism of liver cell injury induced by an overdose of the analgesic acetaminophen (AAP) remains controversial. Recently, it was hypothesized that a significant number of hepatocytes die by apoptosis. Since caspases have been implicated as critical signal and effector proteases in apoptosis, we investigated thei...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1999.8635
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four chemicals that are known to induce in rats thyroid follicular-cell adenomas and carcinomas were assayed for their ability to induce DNA damage and DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of human thyroid cells. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile si...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2004.07.009
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(87)90007-x
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Simple alkylating agents induce cell death by activating the apoptotic pathway. In rodent fibroblasts, apoptosis triggered by DNA methylation lesions is executed via the mitochondrial damage pathway. Here, we studied cell death induced by the methylating agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nit...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.02.034
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dietary consumption of phytoestrogens like genistein has been linked with lower incidence of prostate cancer. The estradiol-like benzopyran core of genistein confers estrogen receptor-β (ER-β) selectivity that imparts weak anti-proliferative activity against prostate cancer cells. DL-2-[4-(2-piperidinoethoxy)phenyl]-3...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.017
更新日期：2015-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Extensive destruction of primordial follicles by exposure to ovarian toxicants can cause early menopause in women. Primordial follicle destruction is known to result from dosing of mice and rats with three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contaminants commonly found in cigarette smoke. Therefore, the purpose o...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2000.9006
更新日期：2000-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Similarly to unleaded gasoline, 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) administered for 2 years caused a dose-related increase in the incidence of renal tumors in male but not in female rats or in either sex of mice. Unleaded gasoline and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), a component of unleaded gasoline, increased protein droplet...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(89)90117-8
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:Traffic related particulate matter air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular events; however, the biological mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that diesel exhaust (DE) inhalation induces up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is known to contribute to vascular dysfunction...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.013
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex which when activated regulates caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. The NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome is constitutively assembled and activated in human melanoma cells. We have examined the inhibitory effect of thymoqui...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.027
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), an aromatic amine present in tobacco smoke, is an animal and human carcinogen. 4-ABP can undergo several biotransformation reactions to yield DNA-binding species. The role of acetylation in the biotransformation of 4-ABP to reactive intermediates was investigated by determining mutagenicity in...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1999.8727
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Valinomycin and cereulide are bacterial toxins with closely similar chemical structure and properties but different toxic effects. Emetic poisoning is induced by cereulide but not by valinomycin. Both are specific potassium ionophores. Such compounds may affect mitochondrial functions. Both compounds cause a potassium...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2005.06.012
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mood stabilizing agents lithium chloride (LiCl) and sodium valproate (VPA) have recently gained interest as potential neuroprotective therapeutics. However, exploitation of these therapeutic applications is hindered by both a lack of molecular understanding of the mode of action, and a number of sub-optimal proper...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.10.019
更新日期：2009-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulation, tissue distribution, and depuration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-derived 3H were examined in fingerling yellow perch fed a diet containing 494 ppt of [3H]TCDD for 13 weeks followed by the same diet without TCDD for 13 weeks. None of the TCDD-exposed perch showed any signs of overt toxici...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(86)90222-x
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Occupational exposure to nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) containing compounds has been associated with lung cancer and other adverse health effects. Their carcinogenic properties may be attributable in part, to activation and/or repression of gene expression induced by changes in the DNA methylation statu...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.009
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two lines of evidence support the concept that cardiotoxin from Naja naja siamensis interacts directly with the plasma membrane to produce selective cytolysis of lymphocytes. Toxin adsorbed to the wells of microtiter plates retained the ability to lyse murine T-lymphocytes, but lost the ability to destroy natural kill...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(90)90303-c
更新日期：1990-06-15 00:00:00
