Abstract：
:Picornavirus 5' NCRs contain IRES elements that have been divided into two groups, exemplified by PV (type 1) and EMCV (type 2). These elements are functionally related and have an intriguing level of structural and sequence similarity. Some conserved RNA sequences and/or structures may correspond to cis-acting elements involved in IRES function, so that there may also be similarities in the mechanism by which the two types or IRES promote initiation. The function of both types of IRES element appears to depend on a cellular 57 kDa polypeptide, which has been identified as the predominantly nuclear hnRNP protein PTB. However, a specific function for p57/PTB in translation has not yet been established. These two groups can be differentiated on the basis of their requirements for trans-acting factors. The EMCV IRES functions efficiently in a broader range of eukaryotic cell types than type 1 IRES elements, probably because the latter require additional factor(s). A second distinction between these IRES element is that initiation occurs directly at the 3' border of type 2 IRES elements, whereas a nonessential spacer of between 30 nt and 154 nt separates type 1 IRES elements from the downstream initiation codon.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Hellen CU,Wimmer Edoi
10.1007/978-3-642-79663-0_2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-01-01 00:00:00pages
31-63eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
203pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Escherichia coli is a predominant species among facultative anaerobic bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. Both its frequent community lifestyle and the availability of a wide array of genetic tools contributed to establish E. coli as a relevant model organism for the study of surface colonization. Several key fact...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_12
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thus, in our studies, we demonstrated that CpG ODN are effective in preventing the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity in a murine model of asthma. Antigen-associated elevation of serum IgE levels is also suppressed. CpG ODN, administered in conjunction with antigen, is also ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59672-8_15
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor molecule composed of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll/interleukin (IL)-1R homology domain. Ligand binding to Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1R family members results in the association of MyD88 to the cytoplasmic tail of receptors; this then initiate...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59430-4_10
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the major surface glycoprotein on influenza viruses and mediates viral attachment and subsequent fusion with host cells. The HA is the major target of the immune response, but due to its high level of variability, as evidenced by substantial antigenic diversity, it had been historically...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2014_413
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic variation of the host significantly contributes to dramatic differences in the outcomes of natural infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in humans, as well as in experimental animal models. Host resistance to tuberculosis is a complex multifactorial genetic trait in which many genetic polymo...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_6
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, which, besides IL-10, contains seven additional cytokines. Although the founding member IL-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine that represses both innate and adaptive immunity, the other family members preferentially target epithelial cells and...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_10
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of Gram-positive bacteria are important players in industry as producers of a diverse array of economically interesting metabolites and proteins. As discussed in this overview, several Gram-positive bacteria are valuable hosts for the production of heterologous proteins. In contrast to Gram-negative bacteria,...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2016_49
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This chapter highlights the cholera situation in South Asia and the Bay of Bengal region, the original 'homeland' of cholera. A detailed discussion of cholera outbreaks in individual countries in South-East Asia follows. The countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) SEARO (South-East Asia Region) region are dis...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2014_362
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) related to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) after organ transplantation is 500-1000 times greater than in the general population, and its occurrence is associated with immunosuppressive therapy. The reported incidence of posttransplant KS ranges from 0.5% to 5%, d...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-34344-8_9
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:E2F is a heterodimer composed of two partners, such as E2F1 and DP1. Although E2F1 can bind DNA as a homodimer and increase promoter activity, optimal DNA-binding and transcriptional activity occurs in the heterodimeric form. A model (Fig. 3) for the involvement of E2F activity in cell growth control that incorporates...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-79910-5_1
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mitogenic dermonecrotic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is a 1285-residue multipartite protein that belongs to the A-B family of bacterial protein toxins. Through its G-protein-deamidating activity on the α subunits of heterotrimeric G(q)-, G(i)- and G(12/13)-proteins, PMT potently stimulates downstream mit...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2012_219
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adenoviruses contain genes that have evolved to control the host immune and inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether these genes function primarily to facilitate survival of the virus during acute infection or during its persistent phase. These issues have assumed greater importance as the use of adeno...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-662-05599-1_4
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the wealth of data describing the ecological factors that underpin viral emergence, little is known about the evolutionary processes that allow viruses to jump species barriers and establish productive infections in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary basis to virus emergence is therefore a key research ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_3
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By now, it is well established that the error rate of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that replicates RNA virus genomes is a primary driver of the mutation frequencies observed in RNA virus populations-the basis for the RNA quasispecies. Over the last 10 years, a considerable amount of work has uncovered the m...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2015_483
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma is a contagious tumour of the mucosal nasal glands affecting young adult sheep or goats. The disease occurs naturally in all continents except Australia and New Zealand. Clinical signs include continuous nasal discharge, respiratory distress, exophthalmos and skull deformations. The tumou...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-55638-8_8
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In most cases, the genetic engineering of plants uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to introduce novel genes. In nature, insertion of T-DNA into the plant genome and its subsequent transfer via sexual reproduction have been shown for several species in the genera Nicotiana, Ipomoea , and Linaria . A sequence h...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2018_80
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform diverse regulatory functions in transcription, translation' chromatin modification, and cellular organization. Misregulation of lncRNAs is found linked to various human diseases. Compared to protein-coding RNAs' lncRNAs are more specific to organs, tissues, cell types, development...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2015_464
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. Oral delivery is facilitated by hyperexpression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, pl...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-70868-1_3
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possible role of silicone in the pathogenesis of a scleroderma-like syndrome is still unresolved. It has been proposed that silicone escaping from breast implants potentiates the progression of the disease. To clarify whether silicone enhances development of fibrotic skin lesions and autoantibodies, we tested its ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-85226-8_31
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hendra virus, a novel and fatally zoonotic member of the family Paramyxoviridae, was first described in Australia in 1994. Periodic spillover from its natural host (fruit bats) results in catastrophic disease in horses and occasionally the subsequent infection of humans. Prior to 2011, 14 equine incidents involving se...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2012_214
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NF-κB is a pivotal transcription factor that controls cell survival and proliferation in diverse physiological processes. The activity of NF-κB is tightly controlled through its cytoplasmic sequestration by specific inhibitors, IκBs. Various cellular stimuli induce the activation of an IκB kinase, which phosphorylates...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_108
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Remarkable progress has been made in reducing measles incidence and mortality as a consequence of implementing the measles mortality reduction strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The revised global measles mortality reduction goal set forth in the WHO-UNICEF Glo...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_9
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved numerous strategies to commandeer the host cell for producing viral progeny. The virus manipulates host cell cycle pathways from the early stages of infection to stimulate viral DNA replication at the expense of cellular DNA synthesis. At the same time, cell cycle checkpoints a...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_14
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hemopoietic cells express relatively high levels of the type I phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase isoforms, with p110δ and γ exhibiting specialized signaling functions in neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and lymphocytes. In platelets, p110β appears to be the dominant PI 3-kinase isoform regulating platelet activation, ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_61
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogen human cytomegalovirus (CMV) encodes several proteins homologous to those of the host organism. Four different CMV genes encode chemokine receptor-like peptides. These genes, UL33, UL78, US27, and US28, are expressed at various stages of infection in vitro. Their functions remain ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_13
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rabies, being a major zoonotic disease, significantly impacts global public health. It is invariably fatal once clinical signs are apparent. The majority of human rabies deaths occur in developing countries. India alone reports more than 50% of the global rabies deaths. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, ef...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_3
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural BD is a nonpurulent acute/subacute encephalitis of horses and sheep with a propensity to involve the olfactory and limbic systems, and the brain stem. The inflammation is concentrated primarily in the gray matter, but subcortical white matter may also be affected. Experimental BD can be produced in a series of...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular response of cancer cells to hypoxia is the focus of intense research. In the last decade, research into microRNAs (miRNAs), small RNAs which have a role in regulation of mRNA and translation, has grown exponentially. miR-210 has emerged as the predominant miRNA regulated by hypoxia. Elucidation of its ta...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_76
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Initial studies of how bacterial toxins modulate the actin cytoskeleton have focused primarily on the mode of action of these toxins. More recently, studies have addressed the molecular interactions of these toxins with host cell signaling pathways and how toxins modulate cellular physiology. Although each individual ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/3-540-27511-8_8
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measles ranks fifth among the five major childhood conditions which are responsible for 21% of all deaths in low and middle-income countries. Measles immunization is considered the most cost-effective public health intervention in the world. In recent years, there has been a critical need to identify alternative route...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/3-540-36583-4_10
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
