Abstract:
:Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, which, besides IL-10, contains seven additional cytokines. Although the founding member IL-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine that represses both innate and adaptive immunity, the other family members preferentially target epithelial cells and enhance innate host defense mechanisms against various pathogens such as bacteria, yeast, and viruses. Based on their functions, the IL-10 family can be further divided into three subgroups, IL-10 itself, the IL-20 subfamily, and the IFNλ subfamily. IL-22 is the best-studied member of the IL-20 subfamily, and exemplifies the diverse biological effects of this subfamily. IL-22 elicits various innate immune responses from epithelial cells and is essential for host defense against several invading pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium and Klebsiella pneumonia. IL-22 also protects tissue integrity and maintains the mucosal homeostasis. On the other hand, IL-22 is a proinflammatory cytokine with the capacity to amplify inflammatory responses, which might result in tissue damage, e.g., the IL-22-dependent necrosis of the small intestine during Toxoplasma gondii infection.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Eidenschenk C,Rutz S,Liesenfeld O,Ouyang Wdoi
10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_10subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-01-01 00:00:00pages
213-36eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
380pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The Picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand RNA viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. Picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenoty...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-26397-7_7
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumor DNA contains valuable clues about the origin and pathogenesis of human cancers. Alterations in DNA methylation can lead to silencing of genes associated with distinct tumorigenic pathways. These pathway-specific DNA methylation changes help define tumor-specific DNA methylation profiles that can be used to furth...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-31181-5_8
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contains 23 members in mammals including its prototype members FGF-1 and FGF-2. FGFs have been implicated in regulation of many key cellular responses involved in developmental and physiological processes. These includes proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, an...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69494-6_3
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2014_396
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During early stages of development, precursor B lymphocytes express a characteristic type of antigen receptor known as the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR). This receptor differs from conventional BCRs in that it possesses a germ line-encoded surrogate light chain (SLC), which is associated with the signal transduction m...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2015_475
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evolution of Ig V gene segments are generally characterized by (a) evolution by "the birth and death process" and (b) diversifying selection. However, the detailed evolutionary pattern of V gene segments varies among species due to the fact that the humoral immune system itself has changed during vertebrate evolution....
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_10
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the wealth of data describing the ecological factors that underpin viral emergence, little is known about the evolutionary processes that allow viruses to jump species barriers and establish productive infections in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary basis to virus emergence is therefore a key research ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_3
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucans are characteristic and major constituents of fungal cell walls. Depending on the species, different glucan polysaccharides can be found. These differ in the linkage of the D-glucose monomers which can be either in α- or β-conformation and form 1,3, 1,4 or 1,6 O-glycosidic bonds. The linkages and polymer length...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2020_200
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is currently a handful of genome sequences available for tailed bacteriophages with genomes of more than 200 kbp of DNA, designated here as giant or jumbo phages. The majority of the proteins predicted from the genome sequences of these phages have no matches in the current sequence databases, and the genomes th...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68618-7_7
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The level and turnover of phosphoinositides (PIs) are tightly controlled by a large set of PI-specific enzymes (PI kinases and phosphatases). Mammalian PI phosphatases are conserved through evolution and among this large family the dual-specificity phosphatase (PTP/DSP) are metal-independent enzymes displaying the ami...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5025-8_10
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Remarkable progress has been made in reducing measles incidence and mortality as a consequence of implementing the measles mortality reduction strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The revised global measles mortality reduction goal set forth in the WHO-UNICEF Glo...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_9
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Torque teno (TT) viruses have been more frequently reported in malignant biopsies when compared to normal control tissue. The possible contribution of TT virus infection to human carcinogenesis or the potential oncolytic functions of these virus infections are being discussed based on available experimental evidence. ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_7
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The molecular response of cancer cells to hypoxia is the focus of intense research. In the last decade, research into microRNAs (miRNAs), small RNAs which have a role in regulation of mRNA and translation, has grown exponentially. miR-210 has emerged as the predominant miRNA regulated by hypoxia. Elucidation of its ta...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2010_76
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Poxviruses have been long regarded as potent inhibitors of apoptotic cell death. More recently, they have been shown to inhibit necroptotic cell death through two distinct strategies. These strategies involve either blocking virus sensing by the host pattern recognition receptor, ZBP1 (also called DAI) or by influenci...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/82_2020_229
更新日期:2021-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::By now, it is well established that the error rate of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that replicates RNA virus genomes is a primary driver of the mutation frequencies observed in RNA virus populations-the basis for the RNA quasispecies. Over the last 10 years, a considerable amount of work has uncovered the m...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2015_483
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Currently there is no commercial Group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) vaccine available. The development of safe GAS vaccines is challenging, researchers are confronted with obstacles such as the occurrence of many unique serotypes (there are greater than 150 M types), antigenic variation within the same serotype,...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2012_284
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is an experimental model that closely resembles human autoimmune gastritis, the underlying pathology of pernicious anemia. Pathogenic CD4+ T cells are reactive to the parietal cell autoantigen, H/K ATPase, and are controlled by CD4+CD25+ T cells in an immunosuppressive cytokine-independent m...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-27702-1_8
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rho GTPases are molecular switches controlling a broad range of cellular processes including lymphocyte activation. Not surprisingly, Rho GTPases are now recognized as pivotal regulators of antigen-specific T cell activation by APCs and immunological synapse formation. This review summarizes recent advances in our und...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-27511-8_5
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We identified a population of IgM+IgD+ B-cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of humans that express somatically mutated V-region genes like classical class switched or IgM-only memory B-cells and comprise around 15% of PB B-cells in adults. Mutated IgM+IgD+ cells differ from unmutated naive IgM+IgD+ cells in that they ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_18
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a formidable foe equipped with an armamentarium of virulence factors to thwart host defenses and establish a successful infection. Among these virulence factors, S. aureus produces several potent secreted proteins that act as cytotoxins, predominant among them the beta-barrel pore-...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/82_2016_16
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a trend toward viral-based hybrid systems to furnish viral nanoparticles with enhanced features, for function beyond a delivery vehicle. Such hybrids have included Nanogold for microwave release, quantum dots and fluorescent moieties, to provide simultaneous imaging capabilities, and iron oxide particles for ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_3
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the bona fide Fc receptor for IgM antibody (FcµR) was identified eight years ago, much progress has been made in defining its biochemical nature, cellular distribution, and effector function. However, there are clearly conflicting results, especially about the cellular distribution and function of murine FcµR. I...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2017_23
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since MRD is the major cause for relapses of malignant diseases, strategies utilizing ITs to target tumor cells surviving conventional treatment have attracted scientific and clinical interest. Many different ITs against various blood-borne as well as solid malignancies have demonstrated specific potent anti-tumor eff...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72153-3_2
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possible role of silicone in the pathogenesis of a scleroderma-like syndrome is still unresolved. It has been proposed that silicone escaping from breast implants potentiates the progression of the disease. To clarify whether silicone enhances development of fibrotic skin lesions and autoantibodies, we tested its ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85226-8_31
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Poliovirus (PV) is the causal agent of paralytic poliomyelitis, an acute disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in flaccid paralysis. The development of new animal and cell models has allowed the key steps of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis to be investigated at the molecular level. In particular, it ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-27320-4_2
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proteasomes are highly abundant cytosolic and nuclear protease complexes that degrade most intracellular proteins in higher eukaryotes and appear to play a major role in the cytosolic steps of MHC class I antigen processing. This review summarizes the knowledge of the role of proteasomes in antigen processing and the ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59414-4_5
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The catalytic polypeptides of certain bacterial and plant protein toxins reach their substrates in the cytosol of mammalian cells by retro-translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Emerging evidence indicates that these proteins subvert the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway that normally remove...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-28007-3_7
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogen human cytomegalovirus (CMV) encodes several proteins homologous to those of the host organism. Four different CMV genes encode chemokine receptor-like peptides. These genes, UL33, UL78, US27, and US28, are expressed at various stages of infection in vitro. Their functions remain ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_13
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved numerous strategies to commandeer the host cell for producing viral progeny. The virus manipulates host cell cycle pathways from the early stages of infection to stimulate viral DNA replication at the expense of cellular DNA synthesis. At the same time, cell cycle checkpoints a...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_14
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, two major subsets of αβTCR expressing lymphocytes, are differentiated from common precursor CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Bifurcation of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) lineages in the thymus is a multilayered process and is thought to culminate in a loss of developmental ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2013_323
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00