Abstract：
:The risk assessment process must encompass all available toxicological data and scientific evidence on the plausible toxicities of a chemical or chemical mixture. As an extension to the approaches used to conduct risk assessments on chemical mixtures, a preliminary scheme, analogous to the IARC classification of carcinogens, is proposed to express the weight of evidence for the interactions in binary mixtures. This scheme is based on composite representation of all the toxicological evidence from animal bioassays and human data, pharmacokinetics studies, metabolism studies, and structure activity relationships. In addition, factors such as the relevance of route, duration and sequence of exposure, toxicological significance of interactions and the quality of in vivo and in vitro data are taken into consideration. The scheme yields an alphanumeric classification that can be used for qualitative risk assessment, and has the potential, as demonstrated in this paper, for quantitative application to site-specific risk assessments. Furthermore, the scheme can be used to estimate interactions or form hypotheses concerning binary interactions. It is flexible and allows all pertinent information to be incorporated in a methodical and consistent manner. Research is needed to identify interaction patterns for simultaneous and sequential exposure scenarios of chemical pollutants in order that this scheme may be developed further and its usefulness and limitations may be tested.
journal_name
Toxicol Ind Healthjournal_title
Toxicology and industrial healthauthors
Mumtaz MM,Durkin PRsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-11-01 00:00:00pages
377-406issue
6eissn
0748-2337issn
1477-0393journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Aluminum (Al) is commonly used in industrial processes and drugs and is thought to induce erythrocytes damage via activation of oxidative stress. Recently, bismuth (Bi)-containing drugs are used in the treatment of various diseases. However, uncertain effects of Bi in blood tissue may participate in the therapeutic ef...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233710381894
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At the present time, the following parameters can be recommended for "early diagnosis" of phosgene overexposure: Phosgene indicator paper badges, to be worn by all persons involved in handling phosgene (these badges permit immediate estimation of the exposure dose in each individual case); Observation of the initial i...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/074823378500100208
更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microbiological studies were carried out on microbial contamination and antimicrobial activity of sea cucumber Holothuria polii collected from Mediterranean Sea at Abu-kir shore of Alexandria, Egypt. The obtained results revealed the presence of isolates of five human Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, representing fi...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233712448116
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of trona (Kaun), a food additive, on the redox status of the liver and kidney of male Wistar rats were investigated. A total of 60 male rats (145 ± 2.52 g) were grouped into four: A, B, C and D, where group A (the control) received 1 mL of distilled water orally while those in groups B, C and D (test group...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233712469654
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The anti-genotoxic potential of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) was investigated using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) as genotoxic endpoint in human lymphocytes. Whole blood samples from two healthy male donors were used for this experiment and the effects of different...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233707076738
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Excessive exposure to nickel may cause health effects on the blood, lung, nose, kidney, reproductive system, skin and the unborn child. In the present study, we found that Ni²⁺ exposure led to a time- and dose-dependent proliferation arrest and death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. In the presence of 1 mM Ni²⁺, reactiv...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233711433940
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In allelopathy, one plant suppresses the growth and development of other plant/plants by negatively affecting a variety of physiological and biochemical reactions. We checked the effects of methanolic extracts (allelochemical extracts) of Phytolacca latbenia (Moq.) H. Walter on antioxidant enzyme activities such as pe...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233713483205
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure to the humidifier disinfectant, polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG), in mists generated from ultrasonic humidifiers was studied in a simulation chamber and apartment rooms. PHMG is suspected as a causative agent of lung disease in Korea residences. In the simulation-chamber study, the amount of disin...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233717724983
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-133mzz-E) is an odorless gas that finds uses as a foam transfer agent, heat transfer fluid, and specialty gas. The acute 4-h LC50 (in rats) for HFO-133mzz-E is > 17,000 ppm; it was not an eye or dermal irritant in 3- and 13-week repeated-dose inhalation studies in rats at con...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233719825529
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The inhalation toxicity of methanol and toluene was investigated in rats. Young Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes were exposed to vapors of methanol (300 ppm, 3000 ppm), toluene (30 ppm, 300 ppm) or methanol/toluene (300/30 ppm, 300/300 ppm, 3000/30 ppm, and 3000/300 ppm) six hrs per day, five days/week for four weeks...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/074823379401000310
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies from the University of Arizona indicate that normal subjects, both college students and the elderly, can register the presence of low-intensity odors in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the absence of conscious awareness of the odors. The experimental paradigm involves subjects sniffing pairs of bottle...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carvacrol (CVC), a major constituent of genera Origanum and Thymus, is such a substance that has attracted attention because of its wide variety of beneficial biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects. However, there are limited data on the cytogenetic and antioxidant effects of C...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233713506771
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was realized to investigate the possible beneficial effect of thymoquinone (TQ), the major active component of volatile oil of Nigella sativa seeds, against lead (Pb)-induced inhibition of rat testicular functions. Adult rats were randomized into four groups: a control group receiving no treatment; a Pb gro...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233714548474
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies for textile industry workers was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate whether the cancer risk varies within the textile industry in relation to the job held or the textile fiber used. We combined studies published up until 1990, when an ad hoc IARC Monograph was issued, and tho...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1191/0748233702th139rr
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The reporting of physical symptoms is influenced to a large degree by psychological processes. Individuals are more likely to notice subtle sensations in environments lacking in stimulation than those demanding external attention. The beliefs or schemas that people hold dictate where and how they attend to their bodie...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA; CAS no. 106-91-2) is a chemical monomer used in the manufacture of dental resins, can coatings and polymers. GMA has demonstrated toxicity to the ocular, digestive, respiratory and dermal systems. Human exposure occurs mainly in the workplace, but it can also happen through food. Although t...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1177/0748233720957816
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, the cytotoxic potential of fluoride and endosulfan in combination was investigated in Swiss albino mice bone marrow cells using the chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) test systems. Fluoride (25.1 mg kg-1 body weight [bw] in water) and endosulfan (1.8 mg kg-1 bw by oral intubation) were ad...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233720979423
更新日期：2020-12-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The negative health effects caused by lead (Pb) exposure are widely recognized; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of occupational Pb exposure on telomere length and to investigate the potential mechanisms leading to telomere shortening. A cohort of 334 mal...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233715601758
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Environmental pollution, primarily from industrialization, has caused significant adverse effects to humans, animals, and the ecosystem. Attempts have been made to reduce and prevent these pollutants through better waste management practices. Incineration is one such practice, which seeks to prevent adverse health imp...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Significant numbers of chemicals have been shown to be carcinogenic in mouse liver although they do not exhibit carcinogenic activity in other organs or tissues of mice or rats. This review focuses on the reasons for the unique susceptibility of the mouse liver to these carcinogens and the extent to which the carcinog...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/074823378500100421
更新日期：1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) can be induced by diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic liver disease, and obesity. This study assessed the protective effects of three sulfur compounds, namely phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), and sodium thiosulfate (STS), on acrylonitrile (ACN)-induced acute toxici...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233719839847
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study is to follow-up the distribution, lethality percentile doses (LDs) and bioaccumulation of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3-NPs, average diameter 9.83 ± 1.61 nm) in some tissues of male albino rats, and to evaluate its genotoxicity to the brain tissues, during acute and sublethal experimen...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233713498449
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of curcumin on acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). A total of 30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups: sham, I/R, and I/R + curcumin; each group contains 10 animals. Sham group animals underwent laparotomy without I/R injury. ...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233711430984
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methiocarb (MC) is a widely used carbamate pesticide in agriculture and health programs. Although the main molecular mechanism of carbamate toxicity involves acetylcholinesterase inhibition, studies have also implicated the induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233712446719
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbendazim is a broad spectrum carbamate fungicide used in the control of various fungal pathogens. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is one of the widely used medicinal plants in oriental nations. The present work studied the effect of licorice aqueous extract on carbendazim-induced testicular toxicity in albino rats. A...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233712456059
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reports about vanadium (V) inhalation toxicity on the hematopoietic system, specifically about coagulation are limited. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the effects of V with a complete blood count and morphologic analysis of platelets on blood smears. CD-1 male mice inhaled V2O5 0.02 M 1 h twice weekly over 12 weeks...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1191/0748233706th250oa
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatocytes that were isolated from 48 hr starved rats and incubated in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 10 microM A23187, 10mM l-lactate, 1mM pyruvate and 2mM l-lysine were found to contain 0.064 mumol of inorganic pyrophosphate/g wet wgt cells. Addition of either 20mM acetate or butyrate, which caused t...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/074823378600200308
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In dry etching processes--one of the sources of potential exposure to toxic wastes in the semiconductor industry--complex mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds arise from reactions between feed stock gases (BCl3/Cl2), top layers (aluminium photoresist), and the carrier gas (N2). Two different fractions of the co...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/074823379200800302
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several classes of environmental contaminants have been claimed or suggested to possess endocrine-disrupting potency, which may result in reproductive problems and developmental disorders. In this paper the focus is on the multiple and interactive mechanisms of interference of persistent polyhalogenated aromatic hydro...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/074823379801400107
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pyrrolizidine alkaloid isoline is isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Ligularia duciformis. Our previous reports have already demonstrated isoline-induced liver injury in mice. The present study is designed to observe the involvement of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) in isoline-induced cytotoxicity...
journal_title：Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0748233712442707
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
