Abstract：
:Hyperammonemia is necessary for development of the cerebral complications to liver disease including hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema but the mechanisms are unclear. Ammonia is taken up by the brain in proportion to its arterial concentration. The flux into the brain is most likely by both diffusion of NH3 and mediated transport of NH4 (+) . Astrocytic detoxification of ammonia involves formation of glutamine at concentrations high enough to produce cellular edema, but compensatory mechanisms reduce this effect. Glutamine can be taken up by astrocytic mitochondria and initiate the mitochondrial permeability transition but the clinical relevance is uncertain. Elevated astrocytic glutamine interferes with neurotransmission. Thus, animal studies show enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission via the NMDA receptor which may be related to the acute cerebral complications to liver failure, while impairment of the NMDA activated glutamate-NO-cGMP pathway could relate to the behavioural changes seen in hepatic encephalopathy. Elevated glutamine also increases GABA-ergic tone, an effect which is aggravated by mitochondrial production of neurosteroids; this may relate to decreased neurotransmission and precipitation of encephalopathy by GABA targeting drugs. Hyperammonemia may compromise cerebral energy metabolism as elevated cerebral lactate is generally reported. Hypoxia is unlikely since cerebral oxygen:glucose utilisation and lactate:pyruvate ratio are both normal in clinical studies. Ammonia inhibits α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase in isolated mitochondria, but the clinical relevance is dubious due to the observed normal cerebral oxygen:glucose utilization. Recent studies suggest that ammonia stimulates glycolysis in excess of TCA cycle activity, a hypothesis that may warrant further testing, in being in accordance with the limited clinical observations.
journal_name
Metab Brain Disjournal_title
Metabolic brain diseaseauthors
Ott P,Vilstrup Hdoi
10.1007/s11011-014-9494-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-12-01 00:00:00pages
901-11issue
4eissn
0885-7490issn
1573-7365journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:In the current era, plants are frequently tested for its antidepressant potential. Therefore young coconut water, a commonly used plant based beverage, was selected to explore its antidepressant potential. Rodents were selected for this study and forced swim test was conducted to explore antidepressant activity. Analy...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-016-9866-2
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:Some subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS) present with low blood iron parameters. Anecdotal reports and a single patient study suggest that iron supplementation may be beneficial in these subjects. Myelin is regenerated continually, but prerequisites for this process are iron and a functional folate-vitamin...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-006-9019-0
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mobile phone providers use electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with frequencies ranging from 900 to 1800 MHz. The increasing use of mobile phones has been accompanied by several potentially pathological consequences, such as neurological diseases related to hippocampal (HIPPON) and dorsal root ganglion neuron (DRGN). The ...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-017-0180-4
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic liver disease (CLD) leads to a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders named hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Even though brain energy metabolism is believed to be altered in chronic HE, few studies have explored energy metabolism in CLD-induced HE, and their findings were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-015-9715-8
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several studies have examined neonatal diabetes, a rare disease characterized by hyperglycemia and low insulin levels that is usually diagnosed in the first 6 month of life. Recently, the effects of diabetes on the brain have received considerable attention. In addition, hyperglycemia may perturb brain function and mi...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-017-0170-6
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fenproporex (Fen) is an amphetamine-based anorectic; amphetamine use causes a broad range of severe cognitive deficits and anxiogenic-like effects. In this study we evaluated pharmacological effects of the chronic administration of Fen on cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors. Male adult Wistar rats received intraperi...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-014-9617-1
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Due to the high ability of cadmium to cross the blood-brain barrier, cadmium (Cd) causes severe neurological damages. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of Mangifera indica leaf extract (MLE) against Cd-induced neurotoxicity. Rats were divided into eight groups. Group 1 ...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-018-0222-6
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The commonly used volatile anesthetic sevoflurane has been shown to induce widespread apoptosis in the developing brain, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Accumulating research has demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate multiple biological processes, including neural d...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-016-9838-6
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study analyses the potential role of MTHFR gene polymorphism, folate supplementation and dietary pattern among the mothers of NTD neonates and controls in heterogeneous populations of North India, with the special focus on their ethnic labels. Results indicated significant increased risk for neural tube de...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-011-9256-8
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Statins or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to be effective at lowering cholesterol levels, and the application of these molecules has gradually emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological studies suggest that statin use is associated with a decreased incid...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-017-0091-4
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The free radical scavenging abilities of the structurally related steroids beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside (plant sterols and sterolins), cholesterol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) were compared with melatonin (an efficient free radical scavenger) in an in vitro system which measures lipid per...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1011167023695
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sevoflurane, one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetics in clinical treatment, has been shown to induce a widespread increase in brain apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Sestrin 2 has been recently shown to regulate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and play a cruci...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-015-9673-1
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To characterize an Egyptian patient with glutaric acidemia type I (GA I) and to identify the causative mutation(s) that may be responsible for the disease phenotype. MRI was performed on the patient using the 1.5 T magnet, biochemical analysis was carried out using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry on the patient's...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-016-9879-x
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease whose hallmark pathological features include a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Ciclooxygenase-2 activity induction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease and in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-013-9416-0
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:D-glycerate 2 kinase (DGK) is an enzyme that mediates the conversion of D-glycerate, an intermediate metabolite of serine and fructose metabolism, to 2-phosphoglycerate. Deficiency of DGK leads to accumulation of D-glycerate in various tissues and its massive excretion in urine. D-glyceric aciduria (DGA) is an autosom...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11011-019-0384-x
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two progressive disorders with high prevalence worldwide. Polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genes might be associated with both T2D and AD, representing possible genetic markers for the development of the AD in subjec...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-012-9310-1
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present work was carried out to study the influence of ammonia and factors from sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with different degrees of chronic liver diseases on [3H]D-aspartate (Asp) and [3H]L-glutamate (Glu) high-affinity uptake into the rat hippocampal formation. For comparison, high-affinity...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00996975
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Following axonal interruption, structural, metabolic and physiological parameters change in motorneurons. Also, glial cells are involved in this process. Microglia proliferate and express new proteins such as vimentin or MHC antigens. Astrocytes show hypertrophy, increased GFAP synthesis, and formation of lamellae. Bo...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00999498
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cholesterol-raising properties of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon-4 (ε-4) allele has been validated in the South African population. Mounting evidence supports the added value of APOE genotyping for the evaluation of cardiovascular risk in dyslipidemic patients beyond its established role in the diagnosis of l...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-015-9737-2
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was performed to analyze the mutational spectrum of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients in Northwest China, to identify mutational hot spots, and to determine the correlation between variants and clinical phenotypes of PKU. A large cohort of 475 PKU families in Northwe...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-019-0387-7
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aberrant brain functional connectivity has been considered as the important mechanism underlying minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE); however, little is known about the change in interhemispheric connection in MHE patients. Twenty patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and MHE and 15 healthy controls were included in th...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-014-9505-8
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder often associated with aging and characterized by several critical molecular changes that take place in the brain. Among the molecular hallmarks of AD, increased levels of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and the subsequent Aβ-derived damage are the most well-studi...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11011-014-9527-2
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major contributor to brain injury caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome acts as an important mediator of inflammatory response in various inflammation-related dis...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-017-0003-7
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several epidemiological studies have shown that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Insulin Resistance (IR) increases the risk of dementia. Besides, some authors suggested that poor glucose control to be associated with worse cognitive function. We aimed to assess cognitive functions and IR-degree over time in diabetic. We also...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-017-9977-4
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to explore the neuroprotective effects of active compounds from Schisandra chinensis (Trucz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae) against the D-galactose (D-gal)-induced neurotoxicity in rat. The Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with D-gal (150 mg/(kg day)) for six weeks and orally administered wit...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-016-9804-3
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The selective vulnerability of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal region in ischemic rat brain may be preceded by regional alterations of energy metabolism during early reperfusion. We measured ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), and glucose in paramedian and lateral CA1 and in an area showing little postischemic cell l...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00999235
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is a critical factor in the cell defense against oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS), and ONS is a key pathogenic event in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Acute HE in the thioacetamide (TAA) model caused a 54 % decrease of mGSH content in the rat prefrontal cortex (pfc), but not in the...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-012-9342-6
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. Strategies using antioxidants to improve neurological functions after stroke have, thus, gained significant attention. Ocimum basilicum L. is used traditionally to treat CNS disorders. Its antioxidant capacity is well established. Our laboratory ha...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-018-0215-5
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important aspect of normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Recently, it was shown that the BBB breakdown is one of the predisposing factors in the pathogenesis of thiamine-deficiency encephalopathy. The result is discussed along with some reviews on previous ...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02080931
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study presents further research into the spectrum of variants in genes responsible for the development of phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) in patients in Russia. After a study of 25 frequent variants, 293 patients (327 chromosomes without detected variants) from among 1265 probands still had ...
journal_title：Metabolic brain disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11011-019-00461-w
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
