Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:The present guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that osmolarity not exceed 450 mOsm/kg (or approximately an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L) for breast milk or infant formulae, to minimize the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis. A commercial protein supplement has been developed to meet special protein requirements (4.0-4.5 g · kg(-1) · day(-1)) of infants with a birth weight <1000 g. Because its effect on osmolarity has not been systematically studied, we characterized the effects of fortification on the osmolarity of human milk (HM). METHODS:Osmolarity of fresh and processed HM was measured at baseline, after fortification with a commercial HM fortifier and after further supplementation with additional protein increasing in 0.5-g steps up to 4.0 g. Measurements were performed immediately after adding fortifier and/or protein and after 24 hours. In addition, changes in osmolarity were determined after adding therapeutic additives such as iron, multivitamin supplement, and calcium-phosphorus capsules. RESULTS:Native HM samples (n = 84) had 297 mOsm/L, (median; 95% confidence interval 295-299 mOsm/L). Adding HM fortifier increased osmolarity up to 436 mOsm/L (95% confidence interval 431-441 mOsm/L). Additional protein supplementation increased osmolarity by 23.5 mOsm/L per 0.5-g step, up to a maximum of 605 mOsm/L. Pasteurization decreased osmolarity by 20-30 mOsm/L (P < 0.001), and storage for 24 hours slightly increased osmolarity (by 11.5 mOsm/L P = 0.0002). Therapeutic additives increased osmolarity up to 868 mOsm/L. CONCLUSIONS:Adding HM fortifier and additional protein to HM increased osmolarity to >400 mOsm/L and therefore above the recommended threshold. Because of the excessive increase in osmolarity combinations of HM + fortifier and additional protein should not be applied together with multivitamins or other additives.
journal_name
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrjournal_title
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutritionauthors
Kreissl A,Zwiauer V,Repa A,Binder C,Haninger N,Jilma B,Berger A,Haiden Ndoi
10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a208c7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-10-01 00:00:00pages
432-7issue
4eissn
0277-2116issn
1536-4801journal_volume
57pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The effect of a lipid emulsion containing long-chain triglycerides (LCT) and supplemented with L-carnitine on plasma lipids and bilirubin in premature neonates on total parenteral nutrition was compared to that of lipid emulsions containing either LCT or a mixture of LCT and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). In a doub...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1097/00005176-199507000-00004
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To conduct a comprehensive study of postendoscopic adverse events (AEs) in children, categorizing them by the level of intervention required. BACKGROUND:Previous studies of endoscopic AE in children have focused on intraprocedural and short-term outcomes, such as bleeding, perforation, and infection, and may...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001038
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 3-year-old boy with transient protein loss due to hypertrophic gastropathy is described. Serologic evidence of concomitant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was present. Although sometimes associated with infections, protein-losing hypertrophic gastropathy has not been reported previously in association with Mycoplasm...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-199202000-00021
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few advances would contribute more to the growth and well-being of infants and children in the developing world than the making available of acceptable staple foods that are easy to grow and process, nutritionally complete enough to serve as the major weaning food, and safe without refrigeration. High-fat quality-prot...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-199308000-00003
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 12-year-old boy presented with a 2-month history of abdominal pain and distention. A diagnosis of Wilson's disease was established, and D-penicillamine therapy was initiated. An associated pancreatitis was diagnosed on presentation, based on elevated serum amylase and an enlarged pancreas ultrasonically. Subsequentl...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-198811000-00024
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eighteen infants with severe hypernatremic dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis were rehydrated during the 1st day with an oral glucose electrolyte solution containing 60 mmol sodium/L at a mean rate of 120 ml/kg/24 h. These 18 children were safely treated with oral therapy alone. No convulsions were observe...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Esophagitis induced by medications has been recognized in adults but rarely in children. A child with hemorrhagic esophagitis resulting from taking doxycycline tablets for treatment is described and the pathophysiology of this condition is discussed. In pediatric cases treated by tablets or capsules, the possibility o...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-198809000-00023
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial translocation is a phenomenon in which live bacteria cross the intestinal barrier. The definition may be broadened to include transmural passage of bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan polysaccharide. After translocation, bacteria or their products reach the mesenteric ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00005176-200107000-00001
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Functional dyspepsia in childhood is commonly triggered by food allergen in sensitised individuals. We investigated the topography of eosinophils and mast cells in gastric antral lamina propria, the interaction of mast cell products with mucosal nerve fibres, and changes in gastric antral muscle slo...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318186008e
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Little is known about the enteric protein loss in patients after a modified Fontan operation before the appearance of overt symptoms or signs of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). The authors examined the possibility of using fecal alpha1-antitrypsin concentration measurements for the early detection of posto...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-200311000-00014
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) differs by country, which is likely due to differences in genetic factors among ethnicities. Moreover, the prevalence of pediatric UC with a family history (FH) is 4.1% in Japanese patients; its clinical course begins at an early age and is more severe. Recently, a g...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001275
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Intestinal failure (IF) is a common consequence of neonatal small bowel pathology. In our experience, bowel dilatation is often responsible for the IF state in patients who fail to adapt despite adequate residual bowel length. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of surgery to reduce bowe...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318287de8d
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The synthetic opiate loperamide (LPMD) is an antidiarrheal compound which affects both intestinal motility and the transport of water and electrolytes. We have investigated its effects on ion transport in the stripped ileal mucosa of rabbits, mounted in Ussing chambers in vitro. Addition of LPMD to serosal bathing med...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-198409000-00020
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Liver transplantation is now accepted as the treatment of choice for tyrosinemia type I (hereditary tyrosinemia). In an effort to determine whether any factors in these patients would aid in predicting optimal timing of the transplant procedure, we evaluated several clinical, biochemical, and radiographic parameters i...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-199107000-00002
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Results of in vitro studies have documented colonic absorption of lactose in the newborn. A stable isotope model was developed for assessing the entry rate of intact lactose into the portal circulation in newborn piglets. METHODS:In experiment 1, unlabeled and [D-1-(13C)]-lactose were infused into two separ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-199707000-00011
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present study was to quantify absorption coefficients of specific fatty acids in preterm infants as a function of diet, formula or breast milk (BM), and postnatal age; to identify the fatty acid structural characteristics that determine optimal fatty acid absorption. METHODS:Fatty acids from ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000934
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (xIAP) deficiency is a primary immune deficiency disorder associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. About 17% of xIAP-deficient patients present with very early onset severe colitis with high mortality. We hypothesized that xIAP deficiency leads to defective generatio...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001122
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:There is increasing interest in measuring mucosal inflammation in Crohn disease (CD), but there are minimal data correlating the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) versions (PCDAI, weighted Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [wPCDAI], abbreviated Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001227
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report five infants in whom antenatal diagnosis of choledochal cyst was established by ultrasonography, and we review the seven previously reported cases. All but one infant had cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (type 1 cysts), and all infants were diagnosed during the second or third trimester. Eight of 12...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00005176-199402000-00004
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A prospective study was undertaken on 49 infants with prolonged neonatal cholestasis to determine whether the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of 99mTc-disofenin scintigraphy can be improved by performing simultaneous radioactivity measurements on duodenal and gastric aspirates along with routine imaging. Specif...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-198911000-00005
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Examination of 136 children who were referred to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic at Yale-New Haven Hospital for chronic or severe diarrhea between 1977 and 1981 revealed that 31 patients (22.8%) had serum immunoglobulin levels below the 5th percentile for age. Twenty-four of these 31 patients (77.4%) had normal ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-198302030-00012
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although the course of ulcerative proctitis in adults has been well described, little data are available concerning its clinical behavior in children and adolescents. This study sought to characterize the presentation, response to therapy, and long-term course of ulcerative proctitis in the pediatric populat...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1097/00005176-199708000-00004
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Beginning in March 2002, we initiated steroid-free lymphocyte depleting immunosuppression with rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (rATG) for all children who received an intestinal transplant (ITx). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this treatment regimen supported growth. Because s...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821247da
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are common in patients with orthostatic intolerance (OI), including neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Autonomic dysregulation is considered the underlying pathophysiology behind the ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001150
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine the frequency of gastric acid hypersecretion in infants with chronic malabsorption due to short bowel syndrome, acid secretory function was determined in 23 infants with malabsorption 2-22 months following small bowel resection and in a control group of 14 chronically ill, age- and weight-matched infants ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) is a known complication of cirrhosis in adults, but there is little information on its incidence and outcome in children with liver disease. We report 14 patients with POPH and present a synthesis of the medical literature. METHODS:Diagnosis of POPH in the 14 patients was b...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000821
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Children with coeliac disease (CD) have an increased number of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Whether genetically determined or a secondary phenomenon in CD, chromosome abnormalities may be involved in the predisposition to cancer in CD patients. The aim of the study was to follow a ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-200402000-00014
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Colon is a crucial partner for small intestinal adaptation and function in patients who underwent extensive small intestinal resection or transplantation. This short review deals with the different properties and roles of the colon in these settings, involving fluid and electrolytes absorption, absorption of medium-ch...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a118ef
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity is an accepted marker of epithelial cell differentiation and integrity in intestinal mucosal explant systems. In experiments involving AP it is usually expressed as activity per unit protein in tissue culture. It has been previously demonstrated that during organ culture a considerab...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005176-198403000-00007
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Food-induced eosinophilic proctocolitis appears in the first 2 months of life with blood-tinged stools. Aside from occasional apparent pain on defecation and a few infants with moderate eczema, systemic features are absent. Indeed, aside from the diaper, the infant is generally described as well. Thus, in contrast to ...
journal_title:Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00005176-200001001-00009
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00