Abstract：
:We analysed the execution of multijoint pointing movements in humans while weight or spring loads were applied to the pointing hand. Visual feedback on arm and hand position was excluded. Movement paths, final positions, and normalized velocity profiles were found to be load-independent, except for the very first movement after a load change. With increasing size of a weight load movement velocity decreased, and movement duration increased by the same factor, i.e. the velocity profiles were rescaled in magnitude and time. In contrast, under a spring load movement velocity and duration were not different from no-load controls. These findings led us to propose a new hypothesis on load compensation by the motor system. We suggest that an important controlled variable is a fictional force acting externally on the hand, and that the inertia- and gravity-related components of this force are controlled separately; then, loads are compensated by time scaling of the inertia-related, and magnitude scaling of the gravity-related component. The predictions of this hypothesis regarding movement paths and velocities under weight and spring loads are in good quantitative agreement with our experimental data. When specifically asked to do so, our subjects were able to generate velocity profiles under a weight load that were not different from those under no-load conditions, which suggests that alternative control strategies are available when needed.
journal_name
Behav Brain Resjournal_title
Behavioural brain researchauthors
Bock Odoi
10.1016/0166-4328(90)90106-osubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-12-21 00:00:00pages
167-77issue
3eissn
0166-4328issn
1872-7549pii
0166-4328(90)90106-Ojournal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Rearing rats in isolation produces behavioural and neurochemical alterations similar to those observed in schizophrenia. Cannabinoids have also been implicated in inducing psychotic symptoms. In this study, we investigate the effect of the major psychoactive constituent of cannabis and partial cannabinoid CB(1) recept...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2005.07.009
更新日期：2006-01-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Childhood and adolescent adversity are associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including an increased risk for substance abuse. Despite this, the mechanisms underlying the ability of chronic stress during adolescence to alter reward signaling remains largely unexplored. Understanding how adolescent stre...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.007
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Among learning and memory processes, fear memories are crucial in some psychiatric disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Accumulating evidence shows that the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) has comprehensive involvement in cognitive impairment and neuroprotective effects. It has also been reported that BDNF ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.056
更新日期：2016-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study, the velocity of pointing movements towards visual targets was analyzed. In accordance with the literature, tangential velocity was found to exhibit rather smooth, single-peaked profiles. In contrast, however, the profiles of the velocity components in the Cartesian coordinates of space were consp...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(90)90030-i
更新日期：1990-08-20 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study the relationship between 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of dopaminergic innervation of the lateral septum and schedule-induced polydipsia was examined. Animals with lesions were found to have a significant increase in water intake during a test involving an intermittent schedule of food delivery. Additional e...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(85)90012-9
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is predominantly expressed during development where it regulates biological functions including axon targeting and neuronal precursor cell migration. Although dramatically down regulated after birth in most regions of the nervous system, PSA-NCAM remains highly e...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.011
更新日期：2004-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Low dose of D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist of glycine binding site on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, can facilitate extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in the amygdala and modulate emotional behavior. However, the relationship between ERK1/2 activation, individual anxiety levels,...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2007.09.013
更新日期：2008-03-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Although fear extinction requires N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling, Cav2.1-regulated synaptic function in extinction remains unknown. This study examined whether Cav2.1-mediated signaling plays role in consolidation of extinction. Wild-type mice received intracerebroventricular injection of Cav2.1 blocke...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.033
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This experiment compared the shortcut choices of able-bodied teenagers with those of physically disabled teenagers who had varying histories of mobility impairment. In a computer-simulated kite-shaped maze, participants were allowed to explore three arms that connected four rooms. Subsequently they were offered a choi...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00097-9
更新日期：2002-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The Morris water maze (MWM) has been used to assess cognitive function in rats after a variety of lesions designed to model brain damage and to assess the effects of drugs, growth factors, and neural transplants on post-operative deficits. The present study examined recovery of spatial navigation in the MWM over time ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00199-x
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) have opposing effects on stress-associated and consummatory behaviors in rodents. Recent studies also suggest that both peptides influence ethanol intake. In the present study, the effects of administration of CRF and NPY into the lateral ventricle on ethan...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2005.01.016
更新日期：2005-06-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Three experiments compared the effects of dopamine depletion from the caudate-putamen (CAUD; dorsal striatum) or nucleus accumbens septi (NAS; ventral striatum), or a systemically administered dopamine receptor antagonist (alpha-flupenthixol) on the acquisition and performance of a conditional discrimination task invo...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(90)90179-i
更新日期：1990-05-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats with lesions in either the fornix or the thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis were unimpaired on the acquisition of two object discrimination tasks. The same animals were then tested on a concurrent learning task in which various object discriminations were presented at different rates during the same session. This...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(94)90028-0
更新日期：1994-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Strategic processing allows for value-based preferential encoding of information. Event-related spectral perturbations can provide insights into neural processes linked to the different aspects of strategic processing. This study examined theta and alpha band power differences linked to processing of high- versus low-...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.052
更新日期：2019-07-23 00:00:00
abstract：:In an eight-arm radial maze, working and reference memory can be assessed simultaneously in the fixed position of reward task (FPRT) in which half of the arms are baited and their positions are fixed throughout the training trails. We characterized performance of rats in the variable position of reward task (VPRT), in...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00460-0
更新日期：2002-08-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Rabbits with substantial neocortical lesions were given trace conditioning of the nictitating membrane response over a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Unlike hippocampal lesioned animals, which show deficits in such conditioning, the decorticates were not impaired and they gave greater numbers of conditioned ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(84)90010-x
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder whose etiology involves a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. By virtue of this complexity, schizophrenia is a field of research in which a number of key technologies converge: in particular, identification of putative susceptibility genes through associat...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.001
更新日期：2009-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to explore the role of active whisking in object novelty detection, the performance of rats having bilateral vibrissal paralysis was compared to that of non-lesioned animals in three modified versions of the one-trial object recognition task performed in the dark. Vibrissal paralysis was induced by crushing t...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.044
更新日期：2010-08-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Retrieval of inhibitory avoidance has been recently shown to require intact glutamate receptors, protein kinases A and C and mitogen-activated protein kinase in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus and in the entorhinal, posterior parietal and anterior cingulate cortex. These enzymatic activities are known to be modu...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00208-x
更新日期：2001-09-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) are organized in anatomically distinct subregions that form connections with specific brain structures to modulate diverse behaviors, including anxiety-like behavior. It is unclear if the functional heterogeneity of these neurons is coupled to their developmental h...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.053
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the neurobiological bases of variation in response to predator stress (PS). Sixteen days after treatment (PS or handling), rats were grouped according to anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Acoustic startle was also measured. We examined the structure of dendritic trees of basolateral amygdala (BL...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.009
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The structural characteristics of the area postrema, its anatomical connections, participation in the detection of emesis-provoking substances and the effects of area postrema lesions on taste aversion learning acquisition, are all factors which speak in favor of a role as a chemoreceptor zone involved in the detectio...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(88)90172-6
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats with a bilateral neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (NVHL) are used as models of neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia. In view of their decreased number of GABAergic interneurons, we hypothesized that they would show increased reactivity to acoustic stimuli. We systematically characterized the acoustic react...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.002
更新日期：2010-02-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Extensive evidence suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor channels in the amygdala are involved in fear-motivated learning, and infusion of NMDA receptor antagonists into the amygdala blocks memory of fear-motivated tasks. Recent studies have shown that previous training can prevent the amnestic ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00169-8
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on cognitive functions as well as oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in aged female rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups according to age (young vs. aged) and treatment (GBE vs. vehicle). GBE or vehic...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.032
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The phenomenon of dissociated memory retrieval is observed when some influences (for example, pharmacological) on the brain result in specific changes of long-term memory. The purpose of present paper is to reveal possibilities of the phenomenon for study of long-term memory retrieval. Pharmacologically-induced dissoc...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00090-x
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous research in humans and animals suggests that prior exposure to stress alters responsivity to drugs of abuse, including psychostimulants. Male rats show an augmented striatal dopamine response to methamphetamine following exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Compared to males, female rats have been ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112176
更新日期：2019-12-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Three-dimensional objects are common stimuli that rodents and other animals encounter in the natural world that contribute to the associations that are the hallmark of explicit memory. Thus, the use of 3-dimensional objects for investigating the circuits that support associative and episodic memories has a long histor...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.001
更新日期：2015-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The cholinergic hypothesis of memory dysfunction originally proposed that dysfunction of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) may be responsible for the memory deficits associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This hypothesis directed focus on the BFCS in experimental animal ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(95)00143-3
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the rat, brain growth is most vulnerable to undernutrition during the suckling period. Undernutrition at that stage also produces lasting effects on behaviour and it is often assumed that these are due to disturbances of brain growth. The proposal that this may not necessarily be so was explored by testing the beha...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(83)90035-9
更新日期：1983-12-01 00:00:00
