Abstract：
:This paper concerns the effects of random error in numerical measurements of risk factors (covariates) in relative risk regressions. When not dependent on outcome (nondifferential), such error usually attenuates relative risk estimates (shifts them toward one) and leads to spuriously narrow confidence intervals. The presence of measurement error also reduces precision of estimates and power of significance tests. However, significance levels obtained by using the approximate measurements are usually valid and as powerful as possible given the measurement error. The attenuation in risk estimate depends not only on the size (variance) of the measurement error, but also on its distributional form, on whether it is dependent on the true level of the risk factor (whether it is of "Berkson" type), on the variance and distributional form of true levels of the risk factor, on the functional form of the regression (exponential or linear), and on the confounding variables included in the model. Error in measuring confounding variables leads to loss of control of confounding, leaving residual bias. Uncomplicated techniques of correcting the effects of measurement error in simple models in which distributions are assumed normal are available in the statistical literature. For these corrections, information on measurement error variance is required. Some approaches appropriate for more general models have been proposed, but these appear to be insufficiently developed for routine application.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Armstrong BGdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115761subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-12-01 00:00:00pages
1176-84issue
6eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
132pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The random-zero and standard mercury sphygmomanometers are used frequently, and sometimes interchangeably, in epidemiologic studies. To determine whether there is a systematic difference between them, the authors measured systolic, fourth-phase, and fifth-phase diastolic blood pressures using both sphygmomanometers si...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113998
更新日期：1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A society's social structure and the interactions of its members determine when key drivers of health occur, for how long they last, and how they operate. Yet, it has been unclear whether causal inference methods can help us find meaningful interventions on these fundamental social drivers of health. Galea and Hernán ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwz199
更新日期：2020-03-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Heavy alcohol drinking is associated with cognitive impairment, but little is known concerning the cognitive effect of moderate alcohol consumption. The Epidemiology of Vascular Aging (EVA) Study is a longitudinal study of cognitive and vascular aging. Between June 1991 and June 1993, 1,389 subjects aged 59-71 years (...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009293
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) provides a useful metric of departure from additivity of effects on a relative risk scale. In this paper, the authors show that RERI is identical to the product term in a linear odds ratio or a linear relative risk model. SAS and STATA codes are provided for fitting a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwn411
更新日期：2009-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A consistent framework has been developed for measuring health disparities and making comparisons across indicators with regard to the public health goals of Healthy People 2010. Disparities are measured as the percent difference from the best group rate, with all indicators being expressed in terms of adverse events....
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm044
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of missing values for a confounding variable are investigated in the setting of case-control studies in which, for simplicity, the effect of one binary risk factor and one categoric confounding variable on disease risk is under investigation. Some ad hoc techniques with which to deal with missing values ar...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116164
更新日期：1991-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors reviewed all cases of active tuberculosis newly reported to a population-based registry between 1970 and 1985 to compare a large urban area with the mostly rural remainder of the province of British Columbia, Canada. Although incidence rates have declined steadily in the rural area, they have not done so i...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115246
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relative contribution of menopause to the age-related increase in serum total cholesterol concentration in women is not exactly known. Cross-sectional studies suggest a considerable contribution of menopause, whereas in short-term longitudinal studies, only a small increase was observed around menopause. In a 10-y...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116686
更新日期：1993-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This cross-sectional study investigated the relation between intake of caffeine-containing beverages and time to conception in a population of 1,909 married women in New Haven, Connecticut, between May 12, 1980 and March 12, 1982. Women were interviewed shortly after the first prenatal visit regarding the length of ti...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116826
更新日期：1993-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The associations among certain allergic disorders, atopy upon skin-prick testing, and specific cancers were evaluated in a prospective study. Information regarding history of asthma and hay fever was collected by questionnaire from 3,308 cancer-free participants in the 1981 Busselton Health Survey. A subset of 1,005 p...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwg020
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To investigate the validity of outdoor particulate matter with a 50% cutoff diameter of 10-microm (PM10) concentrations as a measure of exposure in time series studies, the association between personal and outdoor concentrations, within subjects, over time was investigated. Repeated measurements of personal, indoor, a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009485
更新日期：1998-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The patterns of change in blood lipids, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking and drinking behaviors, and exercise were examined in an ongoing longitudinal study from 1991 to 1995 of 150 middle-aged Melbourne, Australia, women as they passed through menopause. Changes in risk factors over time were examin...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010246
更新日期：2000-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:George W. Comstock (1915-2007), MD, MPH, DrPH, was lecturer and then professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health from 1956 to 2007 and served as editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Epidemiology from 1979 to 1988. This interview of George W. Comstock took place i...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,面试
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt027
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Forty-three residents of 12 contiguous Connecticut communities were identified who had the onset of erythema chronicum migrans, Lyme arthritis, or both during the summer and fall of 1977. Nine of them (21%) remembered having been bitten by a tick at the site of the initial skin lesion a median of 12 days (range 3-20) ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112625
更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smoking has been posited as a possible risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but large population-based studies of patients with incident disease are still needed. The authors performed a population-based case-control study in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2009, including 494 patients with incident A...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kws015
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors performed a meta-analysis to estimate the magnitude of polymorphism effects for the complement component C3 gene (C3) and their possible mode of action on age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The meta-analysis included 16 and 7 studies for rs2230199 and rs1047286, respectively. Data extraction and risk ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1093/aje/kwr025
更新日期：2011-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A retrospective cohort study of workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and contaminants (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other polychlorinated dioxins and furans) has been conducted in a chemical factory in the Netherlands. Male workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides or chlorophenols showe...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009543
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Between September 1979 and March 1980, distinguishing features between fatal and nonfatal cases of diarrhea caused by the same etiologic agents were sought in a case-control investigation of Cuna Indian children living on the San Blas Islands located off Panama's Caribbean coast. The eight fatal cases of diarrhea (fou...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114039
更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Care for type 1 diabetes mellitus should both alleviate the physical complications of the disease and improve overall quality of life. The Wisconsin Diabetes Registry, comprising a population-based cohort that is followed longitudinally from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, provided the authors with a unique opportunity ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh055
更新日期：2004-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Using data from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study, we evaluated the influence of adulthood weight history on mortality risk. The National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study is an observational cohort study of US men and women who were aged 50-71 years at entry in 1995-1996. This...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt254
更新日期：2014-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:There is increased recognition that determinants of health should be investigated in a life-course perspective. Retirement is a major transition in the life course and offers opportunities for changes in physical activity that may improve health in the aging population. The authors examined the effect of retirement on...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm053
更新日期：2007-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:High-fiber diets are associated with improved lipid profiles. However, pre- and postmenopausal women respond differently to fiber intake, suggesting that endogenous estradiol mediates the effect. The authors' objective was to determine the direct effect of fiber intake on lipoprotein cholesterol levels independent of ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq388
更新日期：2011-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, the authors evaluated whether the association between low educational level and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia may be explained by occupation-based socioeconomic status (SES). A cohort of 931 nondemented subjects aged > or = 75 years from the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm, Swed...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh018
更新日期：2004-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In some studies, use of vitamin supplements has been inversely associated with the risk of several chronic diseases, but little is known about whether vitamin use affects the risk of diabetes mellitus. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, the author exam...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/153.9.892
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In November 1984, a foodborne outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis occurred in a K-12 public school in northern Vermont. The outbreak offered an opportunity to systematically study in detail secondary transmission rates in households. Eating salad at Tuesday's school-sponsored Thanksgiving Banquet was associated with i...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114756
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vital statistics data for the United States for the years 1972-1978 have been analyzed for variation in frequency of suicide by month, day of the week, day of the month, and phase of the lunar cycle. Frequency of suicide showed a peak in the spring months, a lesser peak in the fall and was lowest in December. Suicide ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113608
更新日期：1983-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Research on inflammatory bowel disease risk among oral contraceptive users has reached conflicting conclusions. This population-based case-control study evaluated the effects of oral contraceptive use on ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease risk. Cases were women enrollees, aged 15-68 years, of Group Health Cooperat...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117246
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study is a regional epidemiologic study of congenital heart disease. Among Infants born in the study area in 1981 and 1982, 664 had a diagnosis of congenital heart disease confirmed in the first year of life by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, cardiac surgery, or autopsy. The ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113979
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psychological distress has been indicated to affect the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and external causes. Mortality from these major causes of death is also known to be elevated after widowhood when distress is at a heightened level. Surprisingly little is known about changes in health other than...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwy184
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation between exposure to severe cold weather and mortality is examined in a retrospective study of deaths occurring during the month of January from 1991 to 1996 in Pennsylvania. Using division-days as units of observation (n = 1,560) aggregated from death certificates and geographic divisions, the authors est...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009770
更新日期：1999-06-15 00:00:00
