Abstract：
:The effects of missing values for a confounding variable are investigated in the setting of case-control studies in which, for simplicity, the effect of one binary risk factor and one categoric confounding variable on disease risk is under investigation. Some ad hoc techniques with which to deal with missing values are examined under different assumptions about the missing-data mechanism. Examples are given to illustrate that the magnitude of the bias that is introduced by applying an inadequate procedure can be large under circumstances that occur frequently in empiric research. This is true even for so-called complete case analysis, i.e., when only data on subjects with complete information are used. Appropriate bias corrections are derived. Making use of data on those subjects who are neglected in complete case analysis by creating an additional category always results in biased estimation. An alternative is to allocate these subjects to the cells of the contingency table in an appropriate manner. This approach yields consistent estimates if the data are missing at random. Choosing an appropriate method for dealing with missing values always requires some knowledge of why the data are missing. This suggests that investigators should carry out validation studies to understand whether the missing values occur randomly across the study population or occur more frequently in specific subgroups.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Vach W,Blettner Mdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116164subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-10-15 00:00:00pages
895-907issue
8eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
134pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The authors conducted a detailed review of studies on the association between prostate cancer and total dietary fat along with specific fatty acids. Overall, the 29 studies reporting actual dietary fat levels in grams of fat were heterogeneous, suggesting that pooling of the relative risks may be inappropriate. Hetero...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh243
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation between body mass index expressed as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters cubed (weight (kg)/height (m3)) and plasma total cholesterol was assessed in a sample of 11,389 US schoolchildren, aged 5-18 years, between 1984 and 1989. Among whites and Hispanics, a statistically significant nonlinear ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115751
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This report of the worldwide distribution of two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans was drawn from data on 628 clinical isolates and from data on 97 additional isolates from other laboratories. Tests showed that 100% of the cultures from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, and Ja...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113861
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Personality may influence the risk of death, but the evidence remains inconsistent. We examined associations between personality traits of the five-factor model (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) and the risk of death from all causes through individual-participant...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt170
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This case-control study evaluated the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer associated with genital exposure to various forms of powder application. Cases included all women aged 20-79 years in three counties of western Washington who were diagnosed with borderline or invasive ovarian cancer from 1986 through 1988; 64.3% ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009128
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidemiology of melanoma in populations of African-European descent has rarely been reported. The authors studied melanoma in the French West Indies (Martinique), where black Caribbeans and whites represented 96% and 4% of the population, respectively. Among the 85 cases of melanoma collected from 1976 to 1995, bl...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009368
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between a single interpregnancy interval (IPI) and birth outcomes has not yet been explored using matched methods. We modeled the odds of preterm birth, being small for gestational age, and having low birth weight in a second, live-born infant in a cohort of 192,041 sibling pairs born in Western Austra...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwy188
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to compare estimates from two quasi-induced exposure methods of the effects of driver- and vehicle-related conditions on the risk of causing a road crash for drivers of vehicles with four or more wheels. From the Spanish register of road crashes with victims, the authors selected, for 1993-2002...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwj015
更新日期：2006-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Intraabdominal fat (IAF) area is often measured indirectly in epidemiologic studies. The authors recruited 147 participants from the second examination (1990-1992) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study to examine IAF area and determine whether there were differences in IAF area and distribution by location....
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwj049
更新日期：2006-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Three measures of spatial clustering (Moran's I, Geary's c, and a rank adjacency statistic, D) were evaluated for their power to detect regional patterns in health data. The patterns represented various environmental effects: a latitude gradient; residence near a contaminated water supply; disease "hot spots"; relatio...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116553
更新日期：1992-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A recent trial showed that universal decolonization in adult intensive care units (ICUs) resulted in greater reductions in all bloodstream infections and clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than either targeted decolonization or screening and isolation. Since regional health-care fa...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kww008
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors conducted blood pressure screening on the Navajo Indian reservation in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Six hundred forty Navajos over 19 years of age were surveyed at various sites. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures in Navajo men and women did not show as great increases wit...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112686
更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors report the results of a case-cohort study of 338 lung cancer deaths in 1950-1988 and a random sample (sub-cohort) of 1,138 from among 16,297 men who had worked at least one year between 1950 and 1979 in manual jobs at a large aluminum production plant. In the past, certain workers were exposed to substanti...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116992
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contradictory observations have accumulated regarding a secular trend and/or an epidemic pattern in the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In this study, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus incidence below age 15 years was examined in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and in Wielkopolska, Poland, two area...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115169
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Planners of several large prevention trials have overestimated the expected incidence of events in the control group, largely because they failed either to recognize or to adequately correct for various effects of population selection. Consequently, the studies have been too small in size or too short in duration to a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116739
更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies indicate an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption and chronic inflammatory diseases; however, the association between alcohol consumption and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) incidence has not been widely studied. We investigated the associations of total alcohol consumption and ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwz020
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Australia, as in many industrialized countries, the past 50 years have been marked by increasing female labor-force participation. It is popularly speculated that this might impose a mental-health burden on women and their children. This analysis aimed to examine the associations between household labor-force parti...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwaa138
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal emerged on the Indian subcontinent in late 1992 and was first recognized in Thailand in 1993. To characterize the epidemiology of this disease, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of Bangkok. Between November 15, 1993, and June 3, 19...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008737
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case-control study investigated the relation between cigarette smoking and histologic subtypes of adult leukemia in Missouri in 1984-1990. Among males, elevated risks associated with ever smoking were observed for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.0) and acute m...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116177
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A cohort study of neonatal mortality (N = 106) in white singleton births (N = 14,486) in Utah for January-June 1975 was conducted. Using membership and activity in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon) as a proxy for parental health practices, i.e., tobacco and alcohol abstinence, differentia...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113438
更新日期：1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A serologic survey in 1983-1984 evaluated the presence of hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) and hepatitis A immunoglobulin M antibody (anti-HAV IgM) in 3,251 adults and 811 children in the jungle and coastal areas of Peru. All subjects were asymptomatic. Adults had a 98% positive anti-HAV rate except for naval cadets, w...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114354
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined individual and household socioeconomic status (SES) in relation to phenotypes of neural tube defects, orafacial clefts, and conotruncal heart defects using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study with 2,551 nonmalformed liveborn controls and 1,841 cases delivered in 1997-2000. The ind...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm283
更新日期：2008-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The age-specific prevalence of hepatitis A antibodies has been analyzed using a catalytic epidemic model for populations in seven European countries: West Germany, Norway, Greece, Switzerland, Holland, France and Sweden. The results indicate a significant decline in the force of infection in recent decades. However, t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112790
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this issue of the Journal, Ghiasvand et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(3):147-156) present results from a longitudinal study of the association between indoor tanning and melanoma in a large cohort of Norwegian women. These new data further support previous findings on the damaging effects of tanning bed exposure on...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kww149
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular morbidity has been associated with particulate matter (PM) air pollution, although the relation between pollutants and sudden death from cardiac arrest has not been established. This study examined associations between out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and fine PM (of aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm, or PM(2...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq217
更新日期：2010-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Tuberculosis genotyping data are frequently used to estimate the proportion of tuberculosis cases in a population that are attributable to recent transmission (RT). Multiple factors influence genotype-based estimates of RT and limit the comparison of estimates over time and across geographic units. Additionally, metho...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwv121
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Power considerations for trials evaluating vaccines against infectious diseases are complicated by indirect protective effects of vaccination. While cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs) are less statistically efficient than individually randomized controlled trials (iRCTs), a cRCT's ability to measure direct a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwy047
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The value of exercise during pregnancy is controversial; both benefits and risks have been hypothesized. As empiric evidence is scant, the issue was investigated in a prospective study that assessed the impact on fetal growth of maternal exercise in each trimester of pregnancy. A cohort of over 800 prenatal patients w...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116614
更新日期：1993-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The safety and immunogenicity of a plasma-derived heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine (CLB) were evaluated in 471 healthy human volunteers, who, both in their occupations and in their private lives, had been at minimal risk of being infected with hepatitis B virus. The first 202 individuals received three 3-microgram...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113936
更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of the association of serum selenium with the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease among 2,062 US men and women 40 years of age or older participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Serum selenium was measured by using inductively ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwn414
更新日期：2009-04-15 00:00:00
