Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether the risk for autoimmune diabetes in adults differs between socioeconomic groups and to compare such risk with that for type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:The inhabitants of the Norwegian county of Nord-Trøndelag were investigated by questionnaires and clinical examinations on three occasions during 1984-2008. We used information from a subset consisting of 56,296 subjects (participating in at least two surveys), including 122 incident cases of autoimmune diabetes in adults (aged ≥35 and anti-GAD positive) and 1,555 cases of type 2 diabetes (aged ≥35 and anti-GAD negative). Hazard ratios (HRs) of diabetes associated with self-reported education and occupation were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS:High levels of education (university versus primary school) were associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diabetes (HR 1.98 [95% CI 1.21-3.26]), after adjustment for BMI, lifestyle factors, and family history of diabetes. Case subjects with high levels of education had lower levels of C-peptide, tended to have higher levels of anti-GAD, and were more often treated with insulin. Conversely, these subjects had a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 0.69 [95% CI 0.57-0.82]), a risk that was partly explained by lower BMI and more physical activity (adjusted HR 0.89 [95% CI 0.74-1.06]). CONCLUSIONS:High levels of education are associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diabetes in adults, a finding that may be mediated by effects on autoimmune activity. Because the association is not explained by traditional risk factors, other, currently unidentified, environmental factors are likely to be involved.
journal_name
Diabetes Carejournal_title
Diabetes careauthors
Olsson L,Ahlbom A,Grill V,Midthjell K,Carlsson Sdoi
10.2337/dc10-1061subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-01-01 00:00:00pages
102-7issue
1eissn
0149-5992issn
1935-5548pii
dc10-1061journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
DIABETES CARE文献大全abstract:OBJECTIVE:Heterozygous, gain-of-function mutations of the insulin gene can cause permanent diabetes with onset ranging from the neonatal period through adulthood. The aim of our study was to screen for the insulin gene in patients who had been clinically classified as type 1 diabetic but who tested negative for type 1 ...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc08-0783
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare diabetes prevalence among Asian Americans by World Health Organization and U.S. BMI classifications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Data on Asian American adults (n = 7,414) from the National Health Interview Survey for 1997-2005 were analyzed. Diabetes prevalence was estimated across weight and ethn...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc09-0573
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We prospectively investigated in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes if bedtime treatment with ≥1 hypertension medications exerts better blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction than conventional therapy, in which all medications are ingested in the morning. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2337/dc11-0297
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Exercise tolerance in patients with diabetes is frequently impaired due to noncardiac disease such as claudication and polyneuropathy. This study assesses the prognostic value of dobutamine stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:A total of 207 consecutive d...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.25.9.1637
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the contribution of nerve-axon reflex-related vasodilation to total acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the skin of normal and diabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:The skin microcirculation was evaluated at the forearm level in 69 healthy subjects and 42 nonneuropathic diabetic patient...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.24.2.344
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the association between the use of ACE inhibitors and hospital admission for severe hypoglycemia and to explore the effects of potential confounding variables on this relationship. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:The association between the use of ACE inhibitors and the incidence of hypoglycemia is c...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.20.9.1363
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of carotid artery occlusive disease (CAOD) in a population of adults with diabetes mellitus was determined, and factors associated with its presence were identified. By oculoplethysmography and phonoangiography, 20% of the population studied had detectable CAOD. Univariate analyses revealed that patient...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.6.3.274
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion requires continuing available care by skilled professionals, careful selection of patients, meticulous patient monitoring, and provisions for recording and reporting experiences. Insulin pumps prescribed by a physician within these guidelines are a part of treatment and ...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.8.5.516
更新日期:1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Low plasma testosterone levels are associated with hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance in men. However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities are related to the concomitant alteration in regional adipose tissue (AT) accumulation associated with reduced androgen levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:We...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.18.3.292
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The International Diabetes Mellitus Practice Study is a 5-year survey documenting changes in diabetes treatment practice in developing regions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors for achieving A1C <7% in 11,799 patients (1,898 type 1 diabetic and 9,901 type ...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc08-0435
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::OBJECTIVE We tested whether average monthly glycemic burden (AMGB), a marker of hyperglycemia that is a function of the extent and duration that A1C exceeded 7%, indicated greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than traditional A1C measures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a case-control design, we studied 2,4...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc13-1300
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:A cohort (n = 277) was followed from diabetes diagnosis to evaluate longitudinal glycemic control, urinary C-peptide levels, and certain features of diabetes self-management. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Unselected cases with IDDM, who were less than 30 yr of age, were identified at diagnosis from a 28-county...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.15.8.980
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To characterize metabolic effects of troglitazone in type 2 diabetic, obese, and lean subjects, and examine the effects of troglitazone 2-3 weeks after discontinuation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Nine type 2 diabetic, nine obese, and nine lean subjects underwent baseline metabolic studies including an 8-h m...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.23.1.64
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:An artificial pancreas (AP) that automatically regulates blood glucose would greatly improve the lives of individuals with diabetes. Such a device would prevent hypo- and hyperglycemia along with associated long- and short-term complications as well as ease some of the day-to-day burden of frequent blood gluc...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc12-0948
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::OBJECTIVE The American Diabetes Association advocates insulin regimens for youth with type 1 diabetes that involve adjusting insulin dose based on carbohydrate intake and blood glucose level. Implementing these regimens requires knowledge about carbohydrate content of foods and subsequent calculations of insulin dose,...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc09-0390
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the impact of several classes of oral antihyperglycemic therapy relative to sulfonylurea monotherapy on all-cause mortality among a cohort of patients with diabetes from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:A retrospective cohort...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc06-2272
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study compared diabetes Treatment As Usual (TAU) with Pathways To Change (PTC), an intervention developed from the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM), to determine whether the PTC intervention would result in greater readiness to change, greater increases in self-care, and improved diabetes control. ...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.732
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the proportion of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) who have serological characteristics typical of IDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Islet cell antibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD65, and IA-2 antibodies were measured in 145 pregnant women with GDM, 33 with impa...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.20.1.81
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether peripheral neuropathy (PN), as part of the microangiopathic complex, affects bone mineral density (BMD) of the peripheral or the axial skeleton in patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Three study groups were examined. Group 1 comprised 21 males with type 1 diabete...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.22.5.827
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the association between self-reported diabetes and the risk of breast cancer (BC) and its interaction with moderate-intensity physical activity in pre- and postmenopausal Mexican women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted using 1,000 incident case subje...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc11-2362
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:A large proportion of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in diabetes is due to non-albicans Candida species such as C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. Observational studies indicate that diabetic patients with C. glabrata VVC respond poorly to azole drugs. We evaluated the response to oral fluconazole and boric acid ...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2337/dc06-1469
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine-induced acute-phase response (sometimes called low-grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system) is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis....
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2337/diacare.27.3.813
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Despite being a safe, effective therapy for lowering cardiovascular risk, only 20% of diabetic patients were using aspirin in the early 1990s. This study examines current physician practices and the use of aspirin therapy by individuals with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:A random sample of diabetic p...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.2337/diacare.25.6.965
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may cause obesity in the offspring. The objective was to assess the effect of treatment for mild GDM on the BMI of 4- to 5-year-old children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Participants were 199 mothers who participated in a randomized controlled trial of the treatment of mil...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2337/dc09-1810
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether intraperitoneal insulin (IPII) decreases the levels of circulating chylomicron remnants in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Eight nonobese, normolipidemic IDDM patients were studied twice: before (while on subcutaneous insulin) and 6...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.17.11.1295
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To summarize the frequency of physician adherence to consensus recommendations for prevention of diabetic complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Survey data from a nationwide stratified probability sample of primary-care physicians were analyzed. Adherence to recommendations were reported by physician sp...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.16.11.1507
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Diabetes has been associated with chronic neurodegeneration. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between pre-existing diabetes and Parkinson's disease (PD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Original articles in English published up to 10 May 2011 were searched for in elec...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.2337/dc11-1584
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare peak pressures on the sole of the foot in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with isolated, unilateral amputations of the great toe and first metatarsal with the patients' contralateral, intact foot. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Eleven patients with a unilateral great toe and partial first met...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/diacare.18.11.1460
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Recent studies suggest that air pollution plays a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence and mortality. The underlying physiological mechanisms have yet to be established. We hypothesized that air pollution adversely affects insulin sensitivity and secretion and serum lipid levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHO...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc15-1795
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to compare different outcome measures in the audit of management of diabetic foot ulcers RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Data collected prospectively in a consecutive cohort of patients referred to a specialist multidisciplinary foot care clinic between 1 January 2000 and 31 Decembe...
journal_title:Diabetes care
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2337/dc06-0306
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00