Abstract：
:Advances in cannabis research have paralleled developments in opioid pharmacology whereby a psychoactive plant extract has elucidated novel endogenous signalling systems with therapeutic significance. Cannabinoids (CBs) are chemical compounds derived from cannabis. The major psychotropic CB delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) was isolated in 1964 and the first CB receptor (CB(1)R) was cloned in 1990. CB signalling occurs via G-protein-coupled receptors distributed throughout the body. Endocannabinoids are derivatives of arachidonic acid that function in diverse physiological systems. Neuronal CB(1)Rs modulate synaptic transmission and mediate psychoactivity. Immune-cell CB(2) receptors (CB(2)R) may down-regulate neuroinflammation and influence cyclooxygenase-dependent pathways. Animal models demonstrate that CBRs play a fundamental role in peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal nociception and that CBs are effective analgesics. Clinical trials of CBs in multiple sclerosis have suggested a benefit in neuropathic pain. However, human studies of CB-mediated analgesia have been limited by study size, heterogeneous patient populations, and subjective outcome measures. Furthermore, CBs have variable pharmacokinetics and can manifest psychotropism. They are currently licensed as antiemetics in chemotherapy and can be prescribed on a named-patient basis for neuropathic pain. Future selective peripheral CB(1)R and CB(2)R agonists will minimize central psychoactivity and may synergize opioid anti-nociception. This review discusses the basic science and clinical aspects of CB pharmacology with a focus on pain medicine.
journal_name
Br J Anaesthjournal_title
British journal of anaesthesiaauthors
Hosking RD,Zajicek JPdoi
10.1093/bja/aen119subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-07-01 00:00:00pages
59-68issue
1eissn
0007-0912issn
1471-6771pii
S0007-0912(17)34269-1journal_volume
101pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Falls are a known public health problem, and there is increasing recognition of the importance of perioperative falls for risk prediction and quality assessment. Our objective was to review existing literature regarding the occurrence, injuries, and risk factors of preoperative and postoperative falls. A systematized ...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/bja/aew377
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of rare families with inherited pain insensitivity can identify new human-validated analgesic drug targets. Here, a 66-yr-old female presented with nil requirement for postoperative analgesia after a normally painful orthopaedic hand surgery (trapeziectomy). Further investigations revealed a lifelong history...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.019
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This case series presents 10 patients undergoing vascular surgery with asymptomatic elevated high-sensitivity troponin T concentrations, measured at outpatient clinic before surgery. Patients were included in the RAVE (Rotterdam Antiplatelet therapy in Vascular patiEnts) pilot study. All included patients underwent co...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.013
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An animal model was established to study the toxic effects of hyperoxia and the consequent changes in intracellular antioxidant status. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured in erythrocytes, liver and lung, in addition to cellular glutathione concentrations and its associat...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/59.6.760
更新日期：1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The haemodynamic responses to isovolumic anaemia (dextran-for-blood exchange) were studied in seven dogs pretreated with propranolol 20 mg/kg body weight for 3 weeks. Adrenergic beta-receptor blockade did not prevent significant increases in heart rate (up to 19%). Cardiac output increased by about 20% while systemic ...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fate of gallamine triethiodide has been investigated in patients undergoing cholecystectomy with choledochostomy (group I), pelvic operations (group II) and orthopaedic operations (group III). Following a single i.v. injection of gallamine 2.5 mg kg(-1) the disappearance of the drug from the serum occurred in thre...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/50.4.345
更新日期：1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Restrictive transfusion triggers are safe for most critically ill patients, but doubts exist for patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). We investigated the prevalence of reported IHD at admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and investigated how this influenced red cell transfusion triggers. We als...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/bja/aei073
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An histaminoid reaction after the administration of thiopentone and atracurium is described. Serial blood sampling showed no evidence of complement activation. Intradermal testing 6 weeks later yielded a positive result with atracurium (1 in 1000), but not with thiopentone. The clinical course of the reaction and the ...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/57.8.811
更新日期：1985-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There are no studies comparing local anaesthetic requirements for obese and normal parturients. Obesity has been associated with a higher incidence of Caesarean section and higher levels of epidural block have also been found in obese obstetric patients, suggesting they may require less local anaesthetic. Th...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/aei284
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of a new i.v. anesthetic agent ICI 35 868, a compound unrelated to currently used barbiturate, eugenol or steroid agents, has been examined in a range of animal species. Some of the properties of ICI 35 868 resemble those of thiopentone in that it is a rapidly acting agent which produces anaesthesia of sh...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/52.8.731
更新日期：1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arterial oxygenation was measured in patients being ventilated artificially for respiratory failure, initially at the FIO2 that had been selected clinically to achieve PaO2 at least normal, and then at each of two or three progressively increased FIO2 values up to about 0.9. Impairment of oxygen transfer was assessed ...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/55.1.3
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have studied the use of intra-vas deferens local anaesthesia in 70 patients undergoing vasectomy as day-case patients. Patients were allocated randomly to either a control or treatment group. In the treatment group, 0.5% bupivacaine 1 ml or 0.9% saline 1 ml was injected into the lumen of the right or left vas defer...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/bja/74.5.612
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is commonly perceived as a risk factor for decline in renal function, especially in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction. There are few data on the effects of CPB on renal function in patients with mild preoperative renal dysfunction. The purpose of t...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/bja/aen081
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Muscle relaxants facilitate tracheal intubation, but they are often not used for short peripheral surgical procedures. The consequences of this practice on the upper airway are still a matter of controversy. We therefore compared the incidence of post-intubation symptoms in a randomized study comparing patie...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/bja/aem147
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The oesophageal leak pressure is defined as the pressure which breaks the seal between the cuff of a supraglottic airway and the peri-cuff mucosa, allowing penetration of fluid into the pharynx and the oral cavity. As a consequence, a decrease in this variable increases the risk of reflux and can lead to pul...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/aev435
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The problems of selection of tracheal tubes, and the need for a rationale, are outlined. Tracheal tubes of 7.5 mm and 8.5 mm i.d. are recommended for female and male patients, respectively. Tracheal size was determined using high pressure-low volume cuffs as measuring devices. The average diameter of the cuff at seal ...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/58.1.111
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Studies of the accuracy of partial rebreathing measurements of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) in patients with abnormal lungs have not fully explained the sources of error. METHODS:We used computer models of emphysema and pulmonary embolism incorporating both ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) and ventilation-volume (...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/ael214
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The action of halothane on the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to unilateral alveolar hypoxia was studied in two groups of dogs. In the first group the redistribution of blood flow between the two lungs was studied with a radioactive isotope method, which provided intermittent measurements, whilst in the second gro...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/50.12.1185
更新日期：1978-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In 10 dogs, one carotid sinus was isolated from the systemic circulation without disturbing its sympathetic innervation. The isolated sinus was connected to a servo-controlled pressure generator which kept mean intrasinus pressure, pulse pressure, and frequency of pulsation constant. The carotid sinus baroreceptor ner...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/59.4.489
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bupivacaine (0.5%) 20 ml was administered extradurally to six healthy volunteers. It was found that simultaneous application of 10 needles to the skin could evoke pain when analgesia was obtained to one needle stimulation. In addition, a laser beam was used as a quantitative technique to activate simultaneously many c...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/65.5.633
更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Blood lactate is a strong predictor of mortality, and repeated blood lactate assays are recommended during surgery in high-risk patients. We hypothesized that the use of intravascular microdialysis incorporated in a central venous catheter would be interchangeable with the reference blood gas technique to mo...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/aex338
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Topical capsaicin formulations are used for pain management. Safety and modest efficacy of low-concentration capsaicin formulations, which require repeated daily self-administration, are supported by meta-analyses of numerous studies. A high-concentration capsaicin 8% patch (Qutenza™) was recently approved in the EU a...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/bja/aer260
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block is a popular regional anaesthetic technique for children undergoing inguinal surgery. The success rate is only 70-80% and complications may occur. A prospective randomized double-blinded study was designed to compare the use of ultrasonography with the conventiona...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/bja/aei157
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thirty patients for elective lower segment Caesarean section were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 50 mulitre/kg of Althesin for induction of anaesthesia and the other, 100 mulitre/kg. The two maternal groups were similar. There was no significant difference in the clinical or biochemical status of...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/bja/47.11.1213
更新日期：1975-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new prototype of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA), was used to facilitate tracheal intubation in 100 fasted patients presenting for elective surgery. Alignment of the ILMA with the larynx was assessed fibreoptically before intubation without the investigator performing the...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/79.6.710
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Placental blood flow was measured during the first stage of normal labour using a xenon-133 clearance technique before and after segmental extradural analgesia. Analgesia was produced with 0.5% plain bupivacaine in eight patients and with 0.5% bupivacaine--adrenaline in 10 patients. Segmental extradural analgesia with...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/50.6.563
更新日期：1978-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prolongation of the QT interval of the ECG represents an imbalance in cardiac autonomic function and may predict cardiac arrhythmia. Vagal activity protects against prolongation of the QT interval which may be associated with flattening of the T-wave of the ECG. The changes in QT interval, T-wave amplitude and respira...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/71.5.736
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on mitochondrial respiration was examined in rat liver mitochondria. The addition of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 during state 3 respiration inhibited the oxygen uptake by 63.4%. A mixture of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 and glutathione (GSH) 1 mmol litre-1 inhibited the oxygen uptake more mark...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/49.12.1239
更新日期：1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eighteen patients were studied, during operations under subarachnoid or extradural anaesthesia combined with general anaesthesia, to assess the influence of occlusion of inspiration on the duration of inspiration, and the likelihood of a relationship between lung volume and duration of inspiration. Ten patients breath...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/56.3.215
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Microvascular dysfunction is considered to play an important pathophysiological role in sepsis. We addressed the hypothesis that macrovascular and microvascular flow are uncoupled in early sepsis, using a rodent model with well-characterized haemodynamic and biochemical markers of severity and subsequent mor...
journal_title：British journal of anaesthesia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/bja/aes093
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
