Abstract:
STUDY OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of four intravenous antimicrobial regimens-ceftriaxone 1 g, gatifloxacin 400 mg, levofloxacin 500 mg, and levofloxacin 750 mg, each every 24 hours-against recent Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. DESIGN:Pharmacodynamic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. DATA SOURCE:The Surveillance Network (TSN) 2002 database. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates (7866 isolates) were stratified according to penicillin susceptibilities as follows: susceptible (4593), intermediate (1986), and resistant (1287). Risk analysis software was used to simulate 10,000 patients by integrating published pharmacokinetic parameters, their variability, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions from the TSN database. Probability of target attainment was determined for percentage of time above the MIC (%T > MIC) from 0-100% for ceftriaxone and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC):MIC ratio from 0-150 for the fluoroquinolones. For ceftriaxone, probability of target attainment remained 90% or greater against the three isolate groups until a %T > MIC of 70% or greater, and it remained 90% or greater against susceptible and intermediate isolates over the entire interval (%T > MIC 0-100%). For levofloxacin 500 mg, probability of target attainment was 90% at an AUC:MIC < or = 30, but the curve declined sharply with further increases in pharmacodynamic target. Levofloxacin 750 mg achieved a probability of target attainment of 99% at an AUC:MIC ratio < or = 30; the probability remained approximately 90% until a target of 70 or greater, when it declined steeply. Gatifloxacin demonstrated a high probability (99%) of target attainment at an AUC:MIC ratio < or = 30, and it remained above 90% until a target of 70. CONCLUSION:Ceftriaxone maintained high probability of target attainment over a broad range of pharmacodynamic targets regardless of penicillin susceptibility (%T > MIC 0-60%). Levofloxacin 500 mg maintained high probability of target attainment for AUC:MIC ratios 0-30; whereas, levofloxacin 750 mg and gatifloxacin maintained high probability of target attainment for AUC:MIC ratios 0-60. Rate of decline in the pharmacodynamic curve was most pronounced for the two levofloxacin regimens and more gradual for gatifloxacin and ceftriaxone.
journal_name
Pharmacotherapyjournal_title
Pharmacotherapyauthors
Frei CR,Burgess DSdoi
10.1592/phco.2005.25.9.1161subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-09-01 00:00:00pages
1161-7issue
9eissn
0277-0008issn
1875-9114journal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
PHARMACOTHERAPY文献大全abstract::Bar code technology has been used for 5 years to improve the efficiency of identifying and documenting clinical pharmacy services at our institution. Data for an entire year (1993) were analyzed to quantify the nature and magnitude of pharmacy services provided for critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICU)...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine clinical and microbiologic success in patients receiving adjunctive aerosolized antibiotics for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). DESIGN:Retrospective medical record review. SETTING:Level I trauma intensive care unit of a large academic medical center. PATIENTS:Fort...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.29.9.1054
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetic characteristics of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin include excellent oral bioavailability (90-99%), extensive penetration into tissues and body fluids, and an elimination half-life (6-12 hrs) that allows for once-daily dosing in patients with normal renal function. Levofloxacin and gat...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.21.16.233s.33992
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of treatment for hepatitis C viral infection on hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) levels is not well described in the literature. We describe a 59-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose A1C level became falsely low when ribavirin and peginterferon alfa-2b therapy were started for treatment of hepatitis C. Af...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.29.1.121
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hormonal emergency contraceptives have been used to prevent unwanted pregnancy for more than 3 decades. The mechanisms of action of the regimen containing a combination of estrogen and progestin, known as the Yuzpe regimen, and those of the levonorgestrel regimen continue to be controversial, especially over the possi...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.30.2.158
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States and also occurs in immunocompromised persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.. Several advances have taken place in the treatment and prophylaxis of PCP,...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Our patient experienced acute renal failure but not fulminant hepatic failure from acetaminophen toxicity. OBJECTIVE:To review the clinical and laboratory characteristics of similar cases of acetaminophen nephrotoxicity. METHODS:A MEDLINE search and medical record search at two large teaching hospitals. R...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 32-year-old woman with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis, and osteoporosis was prescribed azathioprine for a steroid-sparing effect. Stable, therapeutic international normalized ratios (INRs) were obtained with warfarin 35 mg/week during a 6-week postpartum course to treat...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.21.3.355.34208
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Limited data are available on ceftolozane/tazobactam dosing in patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Thus we performed a pharmacokinetic analysis of intravenous ceftolozane/tazobactam in a critically ill patient receiving CRRT at our medical center. A 47-year-old critically ill man with multi...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type:
doi:10.1002/phar.1744
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Panic disorder is a frequently chronic condition with extensive patterns of psychiatric comorbidity. Optimum pharmacotherapy with traditional agents is limited by side effects, long-term tolerability, and other problems. Recent research findings support the characterization of panic disorder as an illness involving de...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluoxetine hydrochloride is the sixth most prescribed drug in the United States and is administered to treat major depression. A cadaveric skin donation was obtained from a 46-year-old woman who died as a result of a fluoxetine overdose. Due to the potential penetration of the drug and its major metabolite, norfluoxet...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oropharyngeal candidiasis may be the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection, and more than 90% of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop the disease. Although numerous antifungal agents are available, azoles, both topical (clotrimazole) and systemic (fluconazol...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.19.1.76.30509
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Subtherapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations were noted in a 52-year-old woman who had undergone liver transplantation. Her tacrolimus dosage was increased from 7 to 28 mg twice/day, and ketoconazole therapy was added; however, her tacrolimus concentration remained undetectable. Metoclopramide 10 mg 4 times/day was...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.24.5.532.33357
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the efficacy of a single, low-dose injection of botulinum toxin type A in relieving pain in Korean patients with piriformis syndrome resistant to conventional therapy, and to assess the drug's influence on these patients' quality of life. DESIGN:Prospective, single-site, open-label trial. ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.27.5.657
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many physiologic differences between children and adults can result in age-related differences in pharmacokinetics. Understanding the effects of age on bioavailability, volume of distribution, protein binding, hepatic metabolic isoenzymes, and renal elimination can provide insight into optimizing doses for pediatric p...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.29.6.680
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Addressing the issue of unintended pregnancy is a national priority. One proposed strategy to reduce unintended pregnancy is to improve access to oral contraceptives by changing them to over-the-counter (OTC) status. Existing data indicate that oral contraceptives meet safety criteria required of OTC products. Availab...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.31.4.424
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We cared for a 4-year-old patient who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation and was placed on a ventilator for respiratory distress associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The neuromuscular blocking agent pancuronium bromide 1.0-1.2 mg every hour as needed was used to facilitate artificial ventilation...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1989.tb04121.x
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine the extent to which nitrofurantoin is transferred into human milk. DESIGN:Prospective, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. SETTING:University-affiliated clinical research center. PATIENTS:Four healthy lactating women 8-26 weeks postpartum. INTERVENTION:All subjects received a single, ora...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.21.7.669.34574
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To determine whether early administration of adjuvant β-lactam in combination with vancomycin (COMBO) affects clinical outcomes compared to standard vancomycin therapy alone (STAN) among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection. DESIGN:Retrospective, multic...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1002/phar.2034
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relationship between impaired renal function and antifactor Xa activity in patients receiving dalteparin. DESIGN:Open-label prospective study. SETTING:Inpatient and outpatient units of a large teaching hospital. SUBJECTS:Eleven patients with renal impairment and 11 control subjects wi...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.6.817
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Verapamil hydrochloride, a prototype calcium antagonist, is now marketed in the United States for the acute treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and for chronic management of vasospastic and chronic stable angina. It inhibits the slow inward channel in in the heart and blocks calcium influx in smooth muscle....
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1982.tb03210.x
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is often caused by left heart disease (LHD) such as heart failure (HF) or valvular heart disease. Historically, few randomized controlled trials have evaluated the off-label use of medications for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with PH-LHD. However, multiple rand...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/phar.2314
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anticoagulation clinics emerged as a means to optimize warfarin effectiveness and minimize bleeding risks. Anticoagulation clinics have traditionally been warfarin-based models due to the need for frequent blood-level monitoring, drug interactions, dietary considerations, and periprocedural management with warfarin. T...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/phar.1991
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paclitaxel is a mainstay in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers, and its use in other malignancies is being explored. Although it has great clinical utility, the drug and its formulation components pose a number of challenges to pharmacists and nurses. Paclitaxel is insoluble in water and is formulated in an e...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In October 2009, a 2-day, multistakeholder, national conference was held in Rockville, Maryland, to discuss and propose methods to improve the drug-drug interaction (DDI) evidence base and its evaluation and integration into clinical decision support (CDS) systems. The conference featured participants representing con...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.2012.01024.x
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapacuronium is a new steroidal, nondepolarizing, neuromuscular blocking agent. It appears to be the least potent of all available nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Its onset of action resembles that of succinylcholine, and its recovery times are shorter than those of other nondepolarizing agents. The clinical duratio...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.19.15.1118.30572
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare changes in United States pharmacy practice faculty demographics from 1995-2001 and to discuss the implications for junior faculty development. METHODS:Demographic data were extracted from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy institutional research system for academic years 1995-1996 an...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.22.7.445.33678
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical outcomes that measure how patients feel, function, or survive are the most important and relevant outcomes of therapy in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Surrogate end points, which do not directly measure clinical benefit to the patient, may function as substitutes for clinical end points in clinica...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.12part2.109S
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies that demonstrate the clinical and economic burden of drug misadventures have been published. The economic burden of drug misadventures likely exceeds $100 billion annually in the United States alone. Clinical pharmacy services (CPS) have been shown to reduce negative clinical outcomes and costs of drug therapy...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.20.16.243s.35018
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ongoing improvements in immunosuppression and posttransplantation care have dramatically improved patient and graft outcomes after transplantation. The frequency of graft loss due to acute rejection has declined considerably as a result of the availability of a variety of more potent immunosuppressive agents and proba...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.22.5.316.33198
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00