Abstract:
:Antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment is associated with multiple short- and long-term side effects. Effects on endocrine function, including weight change, reproductive function, thyroid function, and bone health are examples of these side effects. Some AEDs affect weight, resulting in weight gain or loss. Levetiracetam and lamotrigine are weight-neutral agents, whereas valproate is associated with weight gain. Reproductive dysfunction is reported in women and men with epilepsy treated with AEDs. In women, the most common symptoms are hyperandrogenism, menstrual disorders with ovulatory failure, polycystic ovary-appearing ovaries or polycystic ovary syndrome, and hyperinsulinemia. These symptoms may be secondary to epilepsy or to AED treatment, particularly with valproate. In men, effects on sperm quality and motility, delayed sexual development, and small testicular size have been described in association with AED treatment. Carbamazepine reduces testosterone levels, whereas valproate increases androgen levels. Oxcarbazepine is not associated with changes in testosterone levels. Treatment with all of these agents can result in changes in sperm, including concentration, morphology, and motility. Enzyme-inducing AEDs are known to result in decreased thyroid hormones. Recent studies found reduced serum thyroid hormone concentrations in men and young girls treated with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. However, all patients were clinically euthyroid, and these changes were reversible after AED withdrawal. Persons with epilepsy treated with AEDs are at increased risk for fracture. Not only is this increased because of seizure activity, but also because of treatment with AEDs. AED treatment results in decreased bone mineral density, the most sensitive predictor of fracture and changes in biochemical indices of bone metabolism, including calcium, vitamin D, and markers of bone formation and resorption. Identifying each of these endocrine abnormalities is important because it may be necessary and beneficial to change AED treatment. In addition, multiple therapies exist for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, and decreased bone mineral density.
journal_name
Curr Treat Options Neuroljournal_title
Current treatment options in neurologyauthors
Pack Adoi
10.1007/s11940-005-0037-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-07-01 00:00:00pages
273-280issue
4eissn
1092-8480issn
1534-3138journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Given our current knowledge, there is a need for the early institution of immunomodulatory therapy, especially for patients with poor prognostic factors (motor and cerebellar symptoms, frequent disease exacerbations, and a high level of activity on magnetic resonance imaging ). Patients who progress despite immunomodu...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-999-0004-x
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:The aims of this article are to discuss the potential role of B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the mechanisms of action of approved and emerging disease modifying therapies. Over the last few years, significant progress has been made in the introduction of novel phar...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-013-0232-y
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW:Psychosis is broadly defined as a disengagement from reality. It describes syndromes that impair both thought content and thought process. Psychosis negatively impacts an individual's quality of life, in addition to the families caring for them. Psychosis with different types of hallucinations and...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0545-6
更新日期:2019-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::There is no standard therapy for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and treatments are based on the analogy of the pathogenesis of ADEM with that of multiple sclerosis (MS), namely an inflammatory perivenular demyelination. High-dose intravenous corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, at a dosage standa...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-001-0016-7
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) is a common condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, concomitant with an unpleasant sensation in the lower limbs, which is typically relieved by movement. Symptoms occur predominantly at rest and prevail in the afternoon or...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-015-0390-1
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Children surviving the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with neurologic illness or injury have long-term morbidities in physical, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning termed postintensive care syndrome (PICS). In this article, we review acute and longitudinal management strategies availabl...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0586-x
更新日期:2019-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are an often-disabling continuum of disorders affecting two to four in 1000 children. These disorders have a core set of defining features including impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, impaired social interaction, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior. The cause o...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-996-0030-x
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Status epilepticus is a neurologic emergency with significant potential morbidity and even mortality. It should be diagnosed and treated as quickly as possible, with concurrent rapid identification of the underlying cause. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus can be difficult to diagnose due to its protea...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-012-0179-4
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:The recognition of the diagnosis of migraine in the pediatric population is increasing. Early and aggressive treatment of migraine in children and adolescents with the use of over-the-counter medications has proven effective. In addition, the off-label use of many migraine-specific medications is ofte...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-010-0069-6
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dystonia is a neurologic disorder that can occur at any age and often results in significant disability. The therapeutic application of botulinum toxin has revolutionized the treatment of this disorder, particularly for the adult-onset focal forms such as cervical dystonia and blepharospasm. The two available commerci...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02938412
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vagus nerve stimulation is a unique therapy for epileptic seizures. Two randomized controlled trials in patients with medically refractory partial seizures have demonstrated efficacy, leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in 1997. Extensive safety testing has not reveal...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-003-0002-3
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is an atypical parkinsonian disorder that, in spite of its growing recognition, is still underdiagnosed. For management, prognosis, and research, an accurate and early diagnosis is essential. PSP is a relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, clinically characterized by ...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-006-0012-z
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are a leading cause of intracerebral hemorrhage, especially among the young. Because they pose a lifelong risk of serious bleeding, definitive treatment to obliterate the AVM should be pursued in the majority of patients. Microsurgical resection of a small AVM located in the superfici...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-002-0011-7
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard guiding diagnostic and therapeutic management in glioma with its high resolution and possibility to depict blood-brain-barrier disruption when contrast medium is applied. In light of the shifting paradigms revealing distinct tumor subtypes based on...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-015-0384-z
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Purpose of Review:Giant cell arteritis (GCA), a medium and large vessel vasculitis occurring in the aged, remains a formidable disease, capable of taking both vision and life, through a multitude of vascular complications. Our understanding of the spectrum of its manifestations has grown over the years, to include limb...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-020-00660-2
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary goal of treatment in nonepileptic seizures (NES) is to improve the patient's quality of life by terminating seizure production or reducing seizure frequency. Initial treatment consists of explaining the diagnosis and its psychological nature to patients without judging them or giving the NES excessive atte...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-000-0034-x
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review will examine the current evidence that genetic and/or epigenetic variation may influence the multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical course, phenotype, and measures of MS severity including disability progression and relapse rate. RECENT FINDINGS:There is little evidence that MS clinical phenoty...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-018-0505-6
更新日期:2018-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), over 40 different diseases, are now considered treatable disorders. Only a few short years ago, Lysosomal storage disorders were seen as interesting neurodegenerative disorders without any potential for treatment. Effective treatment strategies such as bone marrow transplantation (B...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-001-0006-9
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of visual snow (VS) and provide information regarding current treatment options for VS. Visual snow (VS) is a rare disorder manifesting with a persistent visual phenomenon of seeing numerous tiny snow-like dots throughout the visual field, and it ca...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-017-0448-3
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic multisystemic disorder involving the skin, the central and peripheral nervous systems, bones, and the cardiovascular and endocrine systems. This condition is caused by inherited or de novo mutations of the NF1 gene at the 17q11.2 chromosomal region, a gene t...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-015-0355-4
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::All patients who present with subarachnoid hemorrhage should be admitted to the intensive care unit for close neurologic and cardiorespiratory monitoring. Neurosurgical consultation should be obtained if external ventricular drain placement, arteriography, or surgical planning are considered. Seizure prophylaxis, anti...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-999-0010-z
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a surgically treatable neurological disorder of the elderly population that is characterized by abnormal ventricular enlargement due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation and gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, or urinary incontinence. The obj...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0604-z
更新日期:2019-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::Vision disturbances following traumatic brain injury (TBI) include anomalies of accommodation, version, vergence (nonstrabismic, as well as strabismic), photosensitivity, visual field integrity, and ocular health. Traumatic brain injury patients with complex diplopia patterns, noncomitant strabismic anomalies, and adv...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-002-0027-z
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Impaired sleep and alertness affect the majority of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, negatively impacting safety and quality of life. The etiology of impaired sleep-wake cycle in PD is multifactorial and encompasses medication side effects, nocturnal PD motor symptoms, and presence of co-existent sl...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-017-0461-6
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence regarding the impact of the exposure to anesthetic and sedative agents on neurodevelopment during the period of rapid brain growth in the first 3 years of life. Though much of the definitive data demonstrating anesthesia-induced neurotoxi...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11940-018-0536-z
更新日期:2018-10-13 00:00:00
abstract::There is no known way to cure multiple system atrophy or even to slow its insidious progression, but there are opportunities to treat many of its symptoms and complications. Of all the autonomic disturbances it causes, orthostatic hypotension is associated with one of the better chances for successful intervention. Mi...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-000-0005-2
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disorder, which can potentially increases the risk of stroke by five-fold, thus, resulting in high public healthcare burden. Stroke prevention is vital in the management of AF patients. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA, eg, warfarin) have ...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0331-4
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::When the diagnosis of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (aPS) is being considered in persons who have experienced an ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack, it is important to gauge how well the history and laboratory data fit with this diagnosis as opposed to other causes of infarct. The fewer the number of ...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-000-0043-9
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuralgic amyotrophy has a broad variety of clinical manifestations. Although it was initially thought to be a plexopathy, its diverse presentation can include isolated sensory nerves or even cranial nerves. Although neuralgic amyotrophy is usually a benign condition with a good recovery, pain can be a disabling featu...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-009-0011-y
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OPINION STATEMENT:Solid organ transplantation is frequently complicated by a spectrum of seizure types, including single partial-onset or generalized tonic-clonic seizures, acute repetitive seizures or status epilepticus, and sometimes the evolution of symptomatic epilepsy. There is currently no specific evidence invol...
journal_title:Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11940-012-0180-y
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00