Abstract：
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW:Psychosis is broadly defined as a disengagement from reality. It describes syndromes that impair both thought content and thought process. Psychosis negatively impacts an individual's quality of life, in addition to the families caring for them. Psychosis with different types of hallucinations and delusions occurs in the context of delirium. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are almost universal in the course of common neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) like Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD). In this paper, the authors took an effort to characterize AD and PD psychosis with a special focus on the most diagnostically reliable features. Effectiveness and limitations of pharmacological interventions are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS:Consensus diagnostic criteria have evolved for psychosis secondary to AD as well as psychosis in PD. Psychotropic medications can be effective in the treatment of NPS in NDD; however, clinicians must be mindful of the side effects. There is a consensus on benefit of initiating any acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (ACHI: donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) as a first line of treatment for psychosis in AD, as it may reduce and/or avoid the need for the use antipsychotics. Pimavanserin, a selective-serotonin inverse agonist that preferentially targets 5-HT2A receptors, while avoiding activity at dopamine and other receptors commonly targeted by antipsychotics had recently been approved by FDA to treat hallucinations and delusions in PD. Quetiapine is widely prescribed for the treatment of psychosis in different NDD, but the data remains equivocal. Psychosis with different types of hallucinations and delusions may occur in the context of delirium and is almost universal as a neuropsychiatric symptom in the course of PD and AD. Currently, pimavanserin remains the only pharmacologic agent approved for treatment of psychosis in PD. In cases of other NPS in other than Parkinson's diseases, atypical antipsychotics are commonly used off-label. More research is greatly needed to advance this field and address NPS especially psychosis in geriatric population.
journal_name
Curr Treat Options Neuroljournal_title
Current treatment options in neurologyauthors
Rothenberg KG,Rajaram Rdoi
10.1007/s11940-019-0545-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-01-23 00:00:00pages
3issue
1eissn
1092-8480issn
1534-3138pii
10.1007/s11940-019-0545-6journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:A sleep history should be taken routinely in patients with epilepsy. Treatment of sleep disorders and improvement in sleep hygiene may improve seizure control, daytime cognitive functioning, and quality of life. Patients with recurrent sleepiness interfering with daily activities or an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score m...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-006-0017-7
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transplantation of bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells is increasingly being used to treat a variety of oncologic disorders. These procedures are associated with a large spectrum of neurologic complications that significantly contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. These complications may arise at any ti...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-007-0016-3
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:Therapeutic hypothermia has proven neuroprotective effects in global cerebral ischemia. Indications for hypothermia induction include cardiac arrest and neonatal asphyxia. The two general methods of induced hypothermia are either surface cooling or endovascular cooling. Hypothermia should be induced a...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-012-0201-x
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Children surviving the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with neurologic illness or injury have long-term morbidities in physical, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning termed postintensive care syndrome (PICS). In this article, we review acute and longitudinal management strategies availabl...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11940-019-0586-x
更新日期：2019-09-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The elderly are the most rapidly growing segment of the population, and the incidence of epilepsy in persons over 65 is higher than in any other age group. In nursing homes, its incidence is even higher than in community-dwelling persons of similar ages. About 10% of nursing home residents are being treated with antie...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-008-0026-9
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Sleep-related movement disorders (SRMD) include several different motor activities during sleep. Few of them are well known and well classified, whereas others are minor motor disorders of sleep which are neither thoroughly characterized and classified nor have been extensively investigated to clarify...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11940-019-0543-8
更新日期：2019-01-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute viral meningitis is the most common infection of the central nervous system. Most cases occur in children and young adults and are due to enteroviruses. Although the common causes of acute viral meningitis still lack treatment with an effective antiviral agent, management of patients is changing because of bette...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-008-0018-9
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subdural empyema represents loculated infection between the outermost layer of the meninges, the dura, and the arachnoid. The empyema may develop intracranially or in the spinal canal. Intracranial subdural empyema is most frequently a complication of sinusitis or, less frequently, otitis or neurosurgical procedures. ...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-003-0019-7
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mainstay of treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is management of symptoms. Health care providers involved in the care of ALS patients should be armed with the most current knowledge about symptomatic management of these patients so that an aggressive approach to controlling symptoms can be undertaken ...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-008-0009-x
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Migraine is a chronic paroxysmal neurological disorder characterized by multiphase attacks of head pain and a myriad of neurological symptoms. Chronic migraine causes a great personal and societal burden. Many patients are poorly responsive to, or non-compliant with, conventional migraine preventive therapies. For thi...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11940-019-0555-4
更新日期：2019-03-14 00:00:00
abstract：:The initial treatment for trigeminal neuralgia is medical. Carbamazepine is the drug of choice. If the patient proves to be intolerant of carbamazepine, a number of second-line drugs are available, though data on their relative efficacy are nonexistent. Phenytoin, baclofen, clonazepam, and sodium valproate are all wor...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-996-0009-7
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with functional or nonorganic visual disturbances are often seen in general ophthalmology practice and then referred to neurology and/or neuro-ophthalmology. The diagnosis of functional vision loss requires comprehensive examinations and diagnostic testing to eliminate possible organic entities. Inconsistenci...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-996-0023-9
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:The management of herpes zoster (HZ) usually involves a multidisciplinary approach aiming to reduce complications and morbidity. Patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) are referred to ophthalmologists for prevention or treatment of its potential complications. Without prompt detection and trea...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-010-0098-1
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of visual snow (VS) and provide information regarding current treatment options for VS. Visual snow (VS) is a rare disorder manifesting with a persistent visual phenomenon of seeing numerous tiny snow-like dots throughout the visual field, and it ca...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11940-017-0448-3
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Classic maple syrup disease can be managed to allow a benign neonatal course, normal growth, and low hospitalization rates. The majority of affected infants that are prospectively managed have good neurodevelopmental outcome; however, acute metabolic intoxication and neurologic deterioration can develop rapidly at any...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-003-0039-3
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disorder, which can potentially increases the risk of stroke by five-fold, thus, resulting in high public healthcare burden. Stroke prevention is vital in the management of AF patients. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA, eg, warfarin) have ...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-014-0331-4
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidemiologic link between increased low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and ischemic stroke is controversial. However, recent trials make it clear that LDL reduction by statin agents in high-risk patients reduces the risk of ischemic stroke. The risk of first stroke is reduced within 1 to 2 years of statin ...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-006-0039-1
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been a recent resurgence of interest in therapeutic modalities using transcranial weak electrical stimulation through scalp electrodes, such as trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as a means of experimentally modifying and studying brain function and possibly treating psychiatric conditions. A r...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-008-0040-y
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dystonia is a neurologic disorder that can occur at any age and often results in significant disability. The therapeutic application of botulinum toxin has revolutionized the treatment of this disorder, particularly for the adult-onset focal forms such as cervical dystonia and blepharospasm. The two available commerci...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02938412
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cysticercosis, the consequence of ingesting viable eggs of the porcine tapeworm Taenia solium, currently remains one of the most common human parasitic conditions worldwide. Although preventable by the proper disposal of human wastes, cysticercosis of the central nervous system (neurocysticercosis) accounts for a subs...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-000-0052-8
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard guiding diagnostic and therapeutic management in glioma with its high resolution and possibility to depict blood-brain-barrier disruption when contrast medium is applied. In light of the shifting paradigms revealing distinct tumor subtypes based on...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-015-0384-z
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:OPINION STATEMENT: Anemia develops in about 50% of patients hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is recognized as a cause of secondary brain injury. This review examines the effects of anemia and transfusion on TBI patients through a literature search to identify original research on anemia and transfusi...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-012-0167-8
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized clinically by proximal weakness and bulbar symptoms and pathologically by damage to the post-synaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction. Ocular myasthenia gravis (ocular MG) is a form of myasthenia gravis whereby the patients' weakness is limited to t...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-005-0009-z
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is condition that mimics Parkinson's disease. Characterized mainly by rigidity and bradykinesia, it has less prominent tremor and gait instability. DIP is generally caused by lipophilic drugs that "block" dopamine D2 receptors in the brain, although presynaptic dopamine depletion, false...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-009-0019-3
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are an often-disabling continuum of disorders affecting two to four in 1000 children. These disorders have a core set of defining features including impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, impaired social interaction, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior. The cause o...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-996-0030-x
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:Use of cannabinoids as medications has a long history. Unfortunately, the prohibition of cannabis and its classification in 1970 as a schedule 1 drug has been a major obstacle in studying these agents in a systematic, controlled manner. The number of class 1 studies (randomized, double-blind, placebo-...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-015-0370-5
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Meningiomas are extra-axial brain tumors of middle-to-late adult life and show a predominance in women. Overall, 90% of meningiomas are benign, 6% atypical, and 2% are malignant. Most patients diagnosed with a meningioma decide to have it removed surgically, and are advised to do so based on their neurologic symptoms....
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-001-0025-6
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The treatments for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) described in this paper represent the latest information and data. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure, initially described in 1981, remains the cornerstone of therapy. Advances in mask interfaces, the use of humidification, the downloading of usage information, t...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-009-0038-0
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review will examine the current evidence that genetic and/or epigenetic variation may influence the multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical course, phenotype, and measures of MS severity including disability progression and relapse rate. RECENT FINDINGS:There is little evidence that MS clinical phenoty...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11940-018-0505-6
更新日期：2018-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：OPINION STATEMENT:Paroxysmal dyskinesia represents a group of uncommon movement disorders that are characterized by episodes of abnormal movements arising from a baseline of normal or nearly normal movement. Recent advances in the genetics of these disorders have helped provide some unification of classification scheme...
journal_title：Current treatment options in neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11940-015-0350-9
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
