Abstract：
:The term "blood pressure" was coined almost 300 years ago by the man who first measured it, the Reverend Stephen Hales of England. However, our understanding of the pathogenesis and consequences of hypertension, as well as the available treatments for it, have remained greatly limited and inadequate until only the past 30 years. Starting in 1977, reports from the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypertension (JNC) have provided regular updates on developments in hypertension management, and have set guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. More than 20 years ago, the JNC stratified blood pressure (BP) levels into categories of mild, moderate, and severe (later renamed stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively). A stepped-care approach to hypertension therapy was originally recommended. With each revised JNC report, there was a reduction in target BP and a growing recognition of the importance of high-normal BP and isolated systolic hypertension. The sixth and most current report of the Joint National Committee, JNC VI, emphasizes treatment of comorbidities of hypertension, sets a lower BP goal (<130/85 mm Hg) for high-risk patients-eg, those with diabetes or renal disease-than for those with uncomplicated hypertension (<140/90 mm Hg), and places a greater emphasis on disease prevention. For the future, the current trend toward lower BP goals suggests that more effective and better tolerated antihypertensive therapies will be needed. Multiple antihypertensive agents used concomitantly will likely be needed to control elevated levels of BP in the majority of hypertensive patients.
journal_name
Am J Hypertensjournal_title
American journal of hypertensionauthors
Hansson Ldoi
10.1016/s0895-7061(02)03004-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-10-01 00:00:00pages
101S-107Sissue
10 Pt 2eissn
0895-7061issn
1941-7225pii
S0895706102030042journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Epidemiologic analysis of family data on blood pressure (BP) is often compromised by the effects of antihypertensive medications. A review of numerous clinical trials that investigated the effects of BP-lowering medications is summarized here. METHODS:Published clinical trials, including 137 clinical trials...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.01.011
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship between erythrocyte cation transport systems and membrane and plasma lipids was examined in normal men and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Different measurements of erythrocyte transport systems were obtained in patients with IDDM and in age- and weight-matched healthy men: N...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ajh/6.9.763
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the major histocompatibility complex of the rat can be related to blood pressure (BP) level and BP response to stress. Blood pressure was determined under light ether anesthesia or during moderate restraint stress in normotensive Lewis rats, in rat strains congenic w...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0895-7061(96)00023-4
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have previously reported that myocardial microsomal Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity, arterial wall ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake, and arterial smooth muscle cell membrane potentials are decreased and plasma Na(+)-K+ pump inhibitory activity is increased in rats during the fifth week of one-kidney, one-clip hypertension. W...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition or angiotensin II antagonism can counteract cardiac human vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 (phVEGF-A165) induced angiogenesis. METHODS:Mice were given a single intramyocardial injection of phVEGF-A165. Eith...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.04.023
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the protocol-driven antihypertensive therapy on outcomes guided by the Joint National Committee (JNC) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of high blood pressure. In a systematic hypertension control program for union employees conducted in New York City, untreated ...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0895-7061(95)00438-6
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alteration of calcium metabolism and changes in the levels of calcium-regulating hormones have been described in essential hypertension. In the majority of the reported clinical trials, calcium supplementation has resulted in a decrease in blood pressure. However, the mechanisms by which such a response would be media...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ajh/6.12.996
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of our study was to investigate the control of hypertension (HT) in treated children using ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring (ABPM). METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed all ABPM studies in our center. Controlled HT was defined as systolic and diastolic BP index (patients' BP divided by the 9...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ajh.2011.218
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent publications purporting to show that calcium antagonists, when used for the treatment of hypertension or in the post myocardial infarction patient, would paradoxically increase the rate of heart attack and mortality have cast doubts on the safety and efficacy of this drug class. All three studies are retrospect...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00387-1
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current study tested the hypothesis that centrally administered relaxin elevates arterial pressure in conscious rats and that this hypertensive effect is mediated, at least in part, by central or peripheral vasopressin. Injection of human relaxin (0.068 or 0.34 microgram in 200 nL artificial cerebrospinal fluid) i...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0895-7061(94)00208-s
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The prevalence of childhood elevated blood pressure (BP) has increased in the United States, particularly among African Americans. The influence of maternal plasma folate levels, alone or in combination with maternal cardiometabolic risk factors (hypertensive disorders, diabetes, and prepregnancy obesity), o...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ajh/hpx003
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although a hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) is associated with cardiac risk and masked hypertension (MHT), its mechanisms and appropriate treatment remain unclear. We investigated spironolactone as a treatment for abnormal vascular and myocardial stiffness in HRE. METHODS:In this randomized, double-b...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/ajh/hpt008
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M), an angiotensin II receptor blocker, demonstrates antihypertensive and organ protective effects in hypertension. We investigated the efficacy of AZL-M to ameliorate metabolic syndrome and kidney damage associated with type 2 diabetes using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHO...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ajh/hpu016
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article describes the methods and the interpretation of captopril renography. The essentials of the methods are the discontinuation of diuretics, the refraining from solid foods before administration of 25 mg captopril, hydration to induce diuresis, the performing of 1-min sequential images, data acquisition with...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/ajh/4.12.678s
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is an uncommon entity related to multiple and different pathologies, the most common being hypertensive crisis. It is believed to be secondary to the breakdown on the blood-brain barrier. At the beginning, it is undistinguishable from other leukoencephalopathies...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02264-1
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We postulated that acute hypoxemia increases susceptibility to orthostatic hypotension by increasing the sensitivity of cardiovascular baroreceptors. METHODS:Hemodynamics were measured noninvasively in 17 healthy, normotensive subjects while being subjected to decreasing venous return by exposure to lower b...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.02.005
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Elastin microfibril interfacer 1 (EMILIN-1) is a negative regulator of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, which is involved in blood pressure (BP) homeostasis. Emilin1 knockout mice display elevated BP. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between the human EMILIN...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ajh.2010.16
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension is an important condition. It is associated with significant mortality and carries increased risk for developing nonfatal cardiovascular complications, including coronary heart disease. The pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy is linked to activation o...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(00)01257-7
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compliance is commonly defined as the extent to which a person's behavior coincides with medical or health advice. There is evidence that noncompliance is a common problem with many medications, including antihypertensive treatment. Since noncompliance can have serious adverse effects on patient health it is important...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0895-7061(95)00195-6
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to clarify the response of endothelial connexins to hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. METHODS:Rats remained normotensive (group 1, N = 10) or were made hypertensive using N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (groups 2 to 4, N = 10/group). Seven weeks later groups ...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.08.020
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:High blood pressure (BP) is associated with the presence and severity of subclinical disease. Less is known about associations between normal levels of BP and various measures of subclinical disease. METHODS:The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) enrolled 6814 participants free of clinical cardiov...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.04.002
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to further characterize previously described racial differences in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, the activity of sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase was measured in cultured skin fibroblasts from normotensive African-Americans and whites. Cells originated from apparently healthy, normotensive Afr...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00415-3
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Structural and functional changes involved in cardiac injury induced by diabetes mellitus, pressure-overload, or both conditions were evaluated. METHODS:Pressure-overload was established by suprarenal aortic banding in rats. Six weeks later, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg, intraperito...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ajh.2009.159
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High dietary Na+ raises mean arterial pressure (MAP) by more than 10% in salt-sensitive (SS) patients with essential hypertension. To test whether the rise in MAP in these patients is caused by a Na(+)-linked increase in [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells, we measured [Ca2+]i in the lymphocytes of 14 patients wit...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ajh/5.8.536
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A prospective randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study investigated the effects of two angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on urinary albumin excretion in nondiabetic patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. At the end of a 4-week placebo run-in period, 36 patients were randomly allocated ...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/ajh/7.1.46
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It is not known whether strict control of blood pressure (BP) in mild post-transplant hypertension gives any benefit. Our primary objective was to test the antihypertensive effects of lisinopril added to standard therapy on ambulatory BP (ABP) of post-transplant patients. The secondary objective was to monit...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02992-8
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite intense investigation and clinical attention, many challenges remain in the management of the hypertensive patient. It is clear that hypertension remains inadequately controlled worldwide, with the control rate in the United States approximating 27%. Furthermore, several recent studies have underscored that it...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02948-5
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leptin may be a link in the relationship of obesity with hypertension. We evaluated associations of leptin with blood pressure (BP) in 54 normotensive and 114 hypertensive African American individuals. Plasma leptin was higher (P <.03) in hypertensive women than in normotensive women, although body mass index did not ...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0895-7061(02)03089-3
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Body sodium works together with the plasma renin-angiotensin system to ensure adequate blood flow to the tissues. Body sodium content determines the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume ensuring that, with each heart beat, a sufficient volume of fluid is delivered into the arterial space. At the same time the kidneys moni...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/ajh.2011.171
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arterial hypertension is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the ability to use blood pressure measurements to predict complications in individual patients or small groups is limited. One possible approach to identifying hypertensive patients at high risk is based on the observation that the presenc...
journal_title：American journal of hypertension
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/ajh/2.8.650
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
