Abstract:
:The muscle overactivity seen in spasticity results in limb stiffness and muscle spasm, to which there is both a neurogenic and a biomechanical component. Spasticity does not always cause harm and can assist in the rehabilitation process enabling a patient to stand when their limb weakness would not otherwise allow it. When it does cause harm, however, treatment is required. This aims to (i) prevent provocative factors (ii) treat muscle overactivity; and (iii) prevent complications. Untreated, limb contracture, pain and other complications occur and early management can be most effective. Treatment is essentially physical, but, when this is inadequate, pharmacological intervention may be required. A strategy has been devised which shows that the first choice pharmacological treatment of focal spasticity is botulinum toxin. Over the past decade, the choice of treatment has become more ambitious with the establishment of new technologies. Good management now depends on an understanding of their role and application in relation to the needs of individual patients. To this end, a treatment algorithm which covers the salient facts in patient assessment and gives the indications for the range of available treatments, is the best approach. The indications and limitations of the available treatments are discussed, along with their place in the overall management of the patients. The evidence base for much of what is done is not strong and this summary examines the activities of proven value and of consensus view.
journal_name
Eur J Neuroljournal_title
European journal of neurologyauthors
Ward ABdoi
10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.0090s1048.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-05-01 00:00:00pages
48-52; dicussion 53-61eissn
1351-5101issn
1468-1331pii
065journal_volume
9 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX), caused by mutations in the gene encoding connexin32, is the second most common form of inherited demyelinating neuropathy, next to CMT 1A, and accounts for 10-20% of all hereditary demyelinating neuropathies. AIMS OF THE STUDY:To describe clinical and electrophys...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02263.x
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a higher risk of stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF). There are limited data on the comorbidity of renal dysfunction and AF in stroke patients. Our aim was to determine the frequency of kidney dysfunction in ischaemic stroke patients with and withou...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.12528
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and features of psychotic symptoms in a sample of 180 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sixty-four patients (35.5% of the sample) showed one or more psychotic symptoms. The presence of these symptoms correlated with the severity of the patients' cognitive impairmen...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.1998.560553.x
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is the main metabolizing enzyme of histamine (a mediator of inflammation implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis-MS) in the CNS. We have investigated the possible association between a single nucleotide polymorphism of the HNMT (chromosome 2q22.1), that cause...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02720.x
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Randomized trials and meta-analyses indicate positive effects of stroke unit (SU) care on survival and dependency of patients with stroke. However, data on the advantages of SU in 'real-world' settings are limited. We prospectively assessed, in a large University Hospital, the effect of SU versus other conve...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03207.x
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to compare the seizure outcome of two different types of epilepsy surgery, selective amygdalohippocampectomy (AHE) and anterior temporal lobectomy (ATLE) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. We included 114 patients who had mesio-temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis or gliosis...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01565.x
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Brain atrophy is related to clinical deterioration in multiple sclerosis (MS) but its association with intrathecal markers of inflammation or neurodegeneration is unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of inflammation or neurodegeneration are associated with...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.13162
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The involvement of metabolic factors in the development of dementia has received much attention. However, previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding how blood adipocytokine level impacts cognitive decline and dementia. This study aimed to clarify whether serum high-molecular-weig...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.12915
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The aim of our study was to describe patients with the p.D12Y variant (previously reported as D11Y) in SOD1 showing heterogeneous clinicopathological features. METHODS:We performed clinical, electrophysiological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and muscle pathology studies in four SOD1 p.D12Y v...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.14246
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) present swallowing difficulties. Dysphagia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, has a profound impact on the quality of life but is under-reported by patients. The objective was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Dysphag...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.14219
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is a parasomnia, recently recognized as a risk factor for progression to Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy body and multiple system atrophy. Biomarker studies in iRBD are relevant due to lack of evidence in this condition. The iden...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.14215
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Risk-stratification models based on patient and disease characteristics are useful for aiding clinical decisions and for comparing the quality of care between different physicians or hospitals. In addition, prediction of mortality is beneficial for optimizing resource utilization. We evaluated th...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02955.x
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Despite recent advances in neurogenetics that have facilitated the identification of a number of dystonia genes, many familial dystonia syndromes remain without known cause. The aim of the study was to identify the cause of autosomal dominant tremulous myoclonus-dystonia in a UK kindred with affe...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.14228
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-marketing surveillance studies are needed to assess the long-term safety, compliance and clinical efficacy of interferon beta-1a (IFNbeta-1a) therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The goals of this study were to (i) assess the safety, compliance and clinical efficacy of long-term intramuscular (i.m.) IFNbe...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01422.x
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Jaw-opening dystonia (oromandibular dystonia with jaw-opening; Brueghel's syndrome) is a rare condition, and only a limited number of cases have been reported in the literature. However, many patients may remain undiscovered or misdiagnosed, like a patient described previously. A case (40-year-old man) of jaw-opening ...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00668.x
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disease characterized by recurrent paroxysmal attacks of hemiplegia. The aim of the study was to assess the recovery cycle of the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in a group of AHC patients. METHODS:Seven AHC patients and 10 ...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.12516
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prognosis of cerebellar hemorrhage with brain stem compression is known to be poor, and patients who can usually survive are severely disabled with limited benefit from conventional rehabilitation. An innovative cutaneous stimulation was administered to a chronic patient (2 years after the incidence) who has sever...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00573.x
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Headache has been associated with various lifestyle and psychosocial factors, one of which is smoking. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the association between smoking intensity and headache is likely to be causal. METHOD:A total of 58 316 participants from the Nord-Trønde...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.13675
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Progression of atherosclerosis at extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) is not well defined. We carried out a 5-year longitudinal study with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of patients with IHD to assess the incidence of progression of atherosclerosis at extr...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00620.x
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, diagnostic clinical and imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia (PPA) have been revised by an international consortium (Gorno-Tempini et al. Neurology 2011;76:1006-14). The aim of this study was to validate the specificity of the new imaging criteria and investigate whether different imaging modalit...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1111/ene.12902
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare neurodegenerative disease, due to A-T mutated (ATM) gene mutations, which typically presents with signs of progressive neurological dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia and uncoordinated movements. A-T severely affects patients' quality of life. Successful treatmen...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1111/ene.13606
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-one consecutive women with the antiphospholipid syndrome were investigated with a full cardiological and neurological examination including a semi-structured interview. They were also systematically studied with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial Doppler (TCD), duplex sonography of neck vessels and ...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.1995.tb00119.x
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Few recent data are available concerning idiopathic optic neuritis (ON). We aimed to describe a large cohort of patients with idiopathic ON. We compared this cohort with patients with ON related to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) or ON related to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies. METHODS:...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.13753
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abnormal neuronal intermediate filament (IF) inclusions immunopositive for the type IV IF alpha-internexin have been identified as the pathological hallmark of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID). We studied the topography of these inclusions in the frontal and temporal lobe in 68 areas from 10 ca...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01284.x
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to analyse the long-term impact of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) on quality of life, and the relationship between clinical variables at disease onset and symptoms at follow-up to general health status. METHODS:Forty-two GBS patients were examined at median 6 years a...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02311.x
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Quantification of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) in skin biopsies is now the tool of choice to diagnose small fiber neuropathies. An adequate normative dataset, necessary to assess normality cutoffs, is available for brightfield microscopy but not for immunofluorescence. METHODS:Intraepider...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1111/ene.12842
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are often emotionally disturbed. We investigated anger in these patients in relation to demographic, clinical, and mood characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS:About 195 cognitively unimpaired MS patients (150 relapsing-remitting and 45 progressive) were evaluated ...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02727.x
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders characterized by sensory dysfunctions. Here, 21 affected Chinese families are reported, including 19 with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA; na...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/ene.14234
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Population-based data on the incidence, aetiology, and mortality associated with status epilepticus (SE) are required to develop preventative strategies for SE. Through a systematic review, we aimed to assess the methodological quality as well as similarities, and differences between available population based studies...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00943.x
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 45 year-old man presented with a rapid onset of memory impairment Brain computed tomography showed multiple abnormal low density areas in the deep cerebral white matter. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral thalamic infarcts and extensive thrombosis of the vein of Galen and the straight sinus, which was con...
journal_title:European journal of neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.1995.tb00160.x
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00