Abstract:
:The supply of substitute opioid medication as a treatment for heroin dependence is now common practice. There is growing international interest in the prescription of injectable diamorphine for subgroups of patients who are unable to stop injecting opiate drugs; in the United Kingdom it is estimated that there are currently 300 patients prescribed diamorphine for this purpose. The detection of illicit heroin misuse (through urinary diamorphine metabolites) is confounded in subjects prescribed diamorphine. We investigated the potential to distinguish between the use of street heroin and pharmaceutical diamorphine through the detection in urine of various opiate alkaloids originating in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Over a 7-week period, 532 clients of an urban substance misuse service provided a total of 1122 urine samples for clinical purposes. Using a novel mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique, we screened samples for morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, meconine, papaverine, noscapine, thebaine and their metabolites. All urine samples from diamorphine-treated patients were positive for morphine. Of samples from patients receiving other treatments, 30% (95%CI: 27-33%) were positive for morphine, indicating probable street heroin misuse. Of morphine-positive samples, 61% (95%CI: 55-67%), from the "other treatments" group were positive for at least one of codeine, meconine and putative noscapine or papaverine metabolites. This was reduced to 56% (95%CI: 50-62%) when excluding codeine. Only one sample (0.1%) was positive for any one of these putative markers in the absence of morphine, when excluding codeine. These findings show that the detection of urinary noscapine and papaverine metabolites is useful in distinguishing between use of pharmaceutical diamorphine and street heroin. This may be of benefit to promote safer and more effective prescribing of diamorphine in opiate dependency, and as an outcome measure in trials of diamorphine prescribing.
journal_name
Addict Bioljournal_title
Addiction biologyauthors
McLachlan-Troup N,Taylor GW,Trathen BCdoi
10.1080/13556210120056553subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-07-01 00:00:00pages
223-231issue
3eissn
1355-6215issn
1369-1600journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is an important cause of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. A population based screening tool would allow for early diagnosis and entry into intervention programs. The aim of the study was to develop a brief screening tool for use in population-based settings to improve the...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556219971542
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding genetic factors that contribute to cannabis use disorder (CUD) is important, but to date, findings have been equivocal. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1; rs1049353 and rs806378) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) gene (rs324420) have been implicated in CU...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12762
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12688
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12779
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12428
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12042
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12684
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12110
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556219971641
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12531
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00197.x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00470.x
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to smoking-associated environmental cues during smoke cessation elicits self-reported urge/craving to smoke, which precipitates relapse even after prolonged abstinence. Incubation of cue-induced cigarettes craving during abstinence has been observed in human smokers recently. The present studies assessed cue-...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12480
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Moderately sized, case-control studies have related alcohol dependence in middle-aged in-patients to lower second-to-fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal hyperandrogenization. As primary aim, we here intended to confirm that lower 2D:4D is also associated with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of M...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12815
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-term alcohol use affects cognitive and neurophysiological functioning as well as structural brain development. Combining simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) enables direct, in vivo exploration of cortical excitability and assessment of effective and funct...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12486
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that the attention towards alcohol-related stimuli increases with the duration of drinking and alcohol dependence. The present study aimed to assess whether an attentional bias was present in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients, and if the magnitude of the attentional bias depended on the subje...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00146.x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This invited commentary on the paper 'White Matter Connectivity and Internet gaming disorder' by Jeong et al. (unpublished) looks at the implications and importance of the MRI findings in the present study-one of the largest to date-and also considers the broader developments of neuroimaging within the complex, emergi...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12265
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abuse of Δ⁹-THC by females during adolescence may produce long-term deficits in complex behavioral processes such as learning, and these deficits may be affected by the presence of ovarian hormones. To assess this possibility, 40 injections of saline or 5.6 mg/kg of Δ⁹-THC were administered i.p. daily during adolescen...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00227.x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We use polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) to predict smoking, and addiction to nicotine, alcohol or drugs in individuals not diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Using PRSs for 144 609 subjects, including 10 036 individuals admitted for in-patient addiction treatment and 35 ...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12496
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although adolescents are a group heavily targeted by the e-cigarette industry, research in cue-reactivity has not previously examined adolescents' behavioral and neural responses to e-cigarette advertising. This study addressed this gap through two experiments. In Experiment One, adult traditional cigarette smokers (n...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12510
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intravenous drug addiction is known to be associated with an inordinate morbidity and mortality. As our previous report had identified an immune phenotype consistent with accelerated ageing, we wished to investigate how much of this change may have been related to chronic viral hepatitis. A total of 12 409 clinical pa...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00123.x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Caffeine has cognitive-enhancing properties with effects on learning and memory, concentration, arousal and mood. These effects imply changes at circuital and synaptic level, but the mechanism by which caffeine modifies synaptic plasticity remains elusive. Here we report that caffeine, at concentrations representing m...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12433
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Excessive use of cocaine is known to induce changes in brain white and gray matter. It is unknown whether the extent of these changes is related to individual differences in vulnerability to cocaine addiction. One factor increasing vulnerability involves reduced expression of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). Human s...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12722
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Impulsive delayed reward discounting (DRD) is an important behavioral process in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), reflecting incapacity to delay gratification. Recent work in neuroeconomics has begun to unravel the neural mechanisms supporting DRD, but applications of neuroeconomics in relation to AUDs have been limited....
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12017
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We previously showed that cocaine self-administration increases spine density in CA1 hippocampal neurons in Lewis (LEW) but not in Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Dendritic spine morphology is intimately related to its function. Thus, we conducted a 3D morphological analysis of CA1 dendrites and dendritic spines in these two...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12294
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quitting smoking is notoriously difficult. Models of nicotine dependence posit that strength of cognitive control contributes to maintaining smoking abstinence during smoking cessation attempts. We examine the role for large-scale functional brain systems associated with cognitive control in smoking lapse using a nove...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.13001
更新日期:2021-01-28 00:00:00
abstract::Substance use disorder is a complex disease created in part by maladaptive learning and memory mechanisms following repeated drug use. Exposure to drug-associated stimuli engages prefrontal cortex circuits, and dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to underlie drug-seeking behaviors. Growing ev...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12947
更新日期:2020-08-04 00:00:00
abstract::Propensity to drink alcohol and to initiate binge drinking behavior is driven by genetic factors. Recently, we proposed an original animal model useful in the study of voluntary binge-like drinking (BD) in outbred Long-Evans rats by combining intermittent access to 20% ethanol in a two-bottle choice (IA2BC) paradigm t...
journal_title:Addiction biology
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doi:10.1111/adb.12992
更新日期:2020-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::Mixing alcohol with caffeinated energy drinks is a common practice, especially among young people. In humans, the research on this issue has mainly focused on the use of the mass-marketed energy drinks themselves, whereas in animal models, it has focused on the individual effects of their active ingredients (i.e. caff...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12560
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00