Abstract：
:In the USA, the stimulant drug methylphenidate (MPH) is used to treat a large number (2 million or more per year) of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although the US FDA approved MPH in the 1960s, the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of serum concentrations of MPH in children with ADHD were not described until the 1980s, and then in only a few cases. Recently, information from drug development programs have increased our knowledge about the serum PK and some pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of MPH in ADHD children, and studies based on positron emission tomograpy (PET) in adult volunteers have provided new knowledge about the PK properties of MPH at the primary site of action in the brain. We will review these two topics and use this new information to evaluate the mechanisms of action of MPH.
journal_name
Behav Brain Resjournal_title
Behavioural brain researchauthors
Swanson JM,Volkow NDdoi
10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00433-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-03-10 00:00:00pages
73-8issue
1-2eissn
0166-4328issn
1872-7549pii
S0166432801004338journal_volume
130pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Simultaneous spatial-discrimination thresholds of 6 human subjects were measured at luminances between 0.2 and 2000 cd/m2. Subjects were tested on a forced-choice discrimination task which required them to distinguish between test and control stimuli of high contrast square-wave gratings with similar space-average lum...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(84)90019-6
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper provides the first report of spatial learning in guinea pigs using the Morris water maze (MWM). Male and female guinea pigs were trained for 5 consecutive days (8 trials/day; acquisition phase) in either the visible (cued) or the hidden (non-cued) platform version of the MWM. In both tests, guinea pigs lear...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00188-7
更新日期：2001-09-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Prenatal alcohol exposure can produce permanent alterations in brain structure and profound behavioral deficits. Mouse models can help discover mechanisms and identify potentially useful interventions. This study examined long-term influences of either a single or repeated alcohol exposure during the third-trimester e...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.052
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The avian hippocampal formation has been proposed to play a critical role in the neural regulation of a navigational system used by homing pigeons to locate their loft once in the familiar area near home. In support of this hypothesis, the homing performance of pigeons with target lesions of either the hippocampus or ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(90)90079-t
更新日期：1990-11-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Autism is characterized by deficits in social interaction and social recognition. Although animal models of autism have demonstrated that model animals engage less in social interaction or attend less to conspecifics than control animals, no animal model has yet replicated the deficit in recognition of complex social ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.006
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Paradoxically, animals exhibiting haloperidol-induced cataleptic immobility can be induced to leap vigorously, by pushing them forward from behind. It is shown here that such jumping can also be produced by placing them on a board and tilting it tail-end upward until about 50 degrees above horizontal. In both situatio...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(89)80141-x
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxycodone and hydrocodone are opioids which are widely used for pain management and are also commonly misused and abused. The exposure to opioid analgesics has been associated with altered responses of D2-like dopamine receptors (D2DRs). Our recent results suggest that various opioids will differentially modulate the ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.023
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the ascending dopamine neurons, we investigated the relationship between the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudate-putamen and contralateral turning behavior in response to dopamine agonists during the induction and expression of sensitization (pri...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(96)00002-2
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:P11 cells were used as an in vitro model system to explore effects of exposure to 5-HT on levels of mRNA encoding 5-HT2A receptors. Exposure of cells to the agonist 5-HT resulted in a doubling of receptor mRNA levels. mRNA levels returned to control levels within 8-16 h. The stability of receptor mRNA transcripts was ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(96)00094-0
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present experiment was designed to examine the effects of prenatal stress and gender in latent inhibition. Prenatal stress has been proposed as a risk factor both for depression and for schizophrenia, and both of these syndromes are associated with alterations in the functional state of the dopamine system. There ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2004.09.013
更新日期：2005-03-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The differential outcome effect is when learning is enhanced through the application of different outcomes to different conditions of a task. Here we explore whether one difference in learning with differential outcomes is an enhanced categorisation of objects. We demonstrate that participants learning conditional dis...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.036
更新日期：2011-09-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein phosphorylation is a well-known and well-documented mechanism in memory processes. Although a large series of protein kinases involved in memory processes have been reported, information on phosphoproteins is limited. It was therefore the aim of the study to determine a partial and differential phosphoproteome...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.047
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as a promising model organism for experimental studies of stress and anxiety. Here we further validate zebrafish models of stress by analyzing how environmental and pharmacological manipulations affect their behavioral and physiological phenotypes. Experimental manipulations inc...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.022
更新日期：2009-12-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies suggest a potential role for 5-hydroxytryptamine(6) (5-HT(6)) receptors in the regulation of addictive behavior. In the present study, our aim was to investigate whether the novel highly selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist compound (CMP) 42 affected nicotine and ethanol seeking behavior in Wistar rats...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.048
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to cope successfully with stress is known as 'resilience', and those with resilience are not prone to developing depression. One preclinical animal model for depression is the chronic mild stress (CMS) model. There are CMS-resilient (do not manifest anhedonia) and CMS-susceptible (manifest anhedonia) rats....
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.017
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus was lesioned in cats, which had learned a spatial delayed-alternation task. Lesions were carried out with kainic acid or ibotenic acid. From altogether 29 cats, 9 cats with bilateral and 6 cats with unilateral lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus together with a control group of 4...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(82)90004-3
更新日期：1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Within the Pavlovian conditioning framework, extinction is a procedure in which, after conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US). During this procedure the conditioned response (CR) is gradually attenuated. It has been suggested that extinction during t...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.009
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between morphine withdrawal and depressive-like symptoms is well documented, however, the role of dynorphin/κ opioid receptor system and the underlying neural substrates have not been fully understood. In the present study, we found that four weeks morphine abstinence after a chronic escalating morphin...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.053
更新日期：2015-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA receptor antagonists on scopolamine-induced amnesia and on delay-interposed short-term memory performance were investigated using an 8-arm radial maze in rats. Scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, deteriorated the radial maze performance, while MK-801, an NMDA receptor channel...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(97)86075-5
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The processing of visual stimuli from retina to higher cortical areas has been extensively studied in the human brain. In Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, it is suggested that visual processing deficits are present in addition to more characteristic signs such as motor disturbances, ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.019
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study we have explored differences in animal reactivity to conditioned aversive stimuli using the conditioned fear test (a contextual fear-freezing response), in rats subjected to the selective lesion of the prefrontal cortex serotonergic innervation, and differing in their response to the acute painful stimul...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.003
更新日期：2008-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Automatic detection of environmental change is a core component of attention. The mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological marker of this mechanism, has been studied prominently in the auditory domain, with cortical generators identified in temporal and frontal regions. Here, we combined electroencephalograp...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.022
更新日期：2015-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The dopamine (DA) precursor, L-DOPA (500 microg), was injected into living crickets, which were ingested (one each) by adult male Anolis carolinensis. This method of delivery elevated plasma L-DOPA and DA concentrations by approximately 1000-fold. In contrast, plasma epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) were not ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.009
更新日期：2005-01-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Prenatal restraint stress (PS) has been suggested as an attractive chronic model of anxiety. Here, we characterized the behavioral and autonomic responsivity to acute stress exposure in adult PS subjects. In Wistar rats, locomotor activity, as well as spontaneous behavior in an established animal model of anxiety, the...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00273-5
更新日期：2003-03-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Dysfunctions of the serotonergic system have been suggested to be important in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in an operational measure of sensorimotor gating: prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle. PPI is the normal reduction in the startle response caused by a low inte...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.053
更新日期：2017-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroplasticity including long-term depression (LTD) has been implicated in both learning processes and addiction. LTD can be blocked by intravenous administration of the interference peptide Tat-GluA2(3Y) that prevents regulated endocytosis of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) recep...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.026
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After bilateral removal of the occipital lobe rabbits were studied in an enriched environment. At first their behaviour was severely impaired. After eight weeks the animals had learned to avoid obstacles, climb up ramps and jump from tables. It was shown that this recovery was due to the use of remaining visual struct...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(85)90175-5
更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a newly developed animal model of schizophrenia. It has recently been reported that when MIA is induced with the cytokine inducer polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C) rats do not show deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), a test that is often considered a validity benchmark. ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.021
更新日期：2008-06-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Although several reports have demonstrated physiological and behavioral changes in adult rats due to neonatal immune challenges, little is known about their effects in adolescence. Since neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters the neural substrates involved in cognitive disorders, we tested the hypothesis...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.001
更新日期：2010-12-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Pavlovian conditioning of drug effects is generally acknowledged to be a critical factor in the development and persistence of drug addiction. In drug conditioning the focus has essentially been on one type of Pavlovian conditioning, namely, delay conditioning in which the CS and drug UCS overlap and are temporally co...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.053
更新日期：2014-12-15 00:00:00
