Abstract：
:Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. The modified Child-Pugh score, which ranks the severity of cirrhosis based on signs and liver function test results, has been shown to predict survival. Strategies have been established to prevent complications in patients with cirrhosis. Esophageal varices can be identified by endoscopy; if large varices are present, prophylactic nonselective beta blocker therapy should be administered. Alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography can be effective in screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccines should be administered to prevent secondary infections. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided, and patients should maintain a balanced diet containing 1 to 1.5 g of protein per kg per day. An extensive assessment should be performed before patients with cirrhosis undergo elective surgery. Before advanced liver decompensation occurs, patients should be referred for liver transplantation evaluation. If advanced cirrhosis is present and transplantation is not feasible, survival is between one and two years.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Riley TR 3rd,Bhatti AMsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-11-15 00:00:00pages
1735-40issue
10eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
64pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:A large number of drugs are introduced every year, and new interactions between medications are increasingly reported. Consequently, it is no longer practical for physicians to rely on memory alone to avoid potential drug interactions. Multiple drug regimens carry the risk of adverse interactions. Precipitant drugs mo...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytochrome P450 enzymes are essential for the metabolism of many medications. Although this class has more than 50 enzymes, six of them metabolize 90 percent of drugs, with the two most significant enzymes being CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Genetic variability (polymorphism) in these enzymes may influence a patient's response t...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neck pain is a common presenting symptom in the primary care setting and causes significant disability. The broad differential diagnosis requires an efficient but global assessment; therefore, emphasis is typically placed on red flags that can assist in the early recognition and treatment of more concerning diagnoses,...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To complement the 2005 Annual Clinical Focus on medical genomics, AFP is publishing a series of short reviews on genetic syndromes. This series was designed to increase awareness of these diseases so that family physicians can recognize and diagnose children with these disorders and understand the kind of care they mi...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that predominantly affects the coronary arteries. The etiology of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, although an infectious agent is strongly suspected based on clinical and epidemiologic features. A genetic predisposition is also likely, based on varying incidences ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endometrial biopsy is an office procedure that serves as a helpful tool in diagnosing various uterine abnormalities. The technique is fairly easy to learn and may be performed without assistance. The biopsy is obtained through the use of an endometrial suction catheter that is inserted through the cervix into the uter...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Hearing loss is a common problem that can occur at any age and makes verbal communication difficult. The ear is divided anatomically into three sections (external, middle, and inner), and pathology contributing to hearing loss may strike one or more sections. Hearing loss can be categorized as conductive, sensorineura...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Some skin conditions, such as blistering diseases, guttate and pustular psoriasis, exfoliative erythroderma, reactive erythemas and acute contact dermatitis have an acute onset and require prompt intervention. Acute vesicular or weeping dermatoses are best treated with cool, wet compresses and topical lotions, whereas...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stridor is a sign of upper airway obstruction. In children, laryngomalacia is the most common cause of chronic stridor, while croup is the most common cause of acute stridor. Generally, an inspiratory stridor suggests airway obstruction above the glottis while an expiratory stridor is indicative of obstruction in the ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen adults for alcohol misuse and provide persons engaged in risky or hazardous drinking behaviors with brief behavioral counseling to reduce alcohol misuse. However, only a minority of American adults with high-risk alcohol use receive treatment. T...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2016-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis A is a common viral illness worldwide, although the incidence in the United States has diminished in recent years as a result of extended immunization practices. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through fecal-oral contamination, and there are occasional outbreaks through food sources. Young children are usua...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The process of identifying and evaluating the common causes of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy changes as the pregnancy progresses to term. The most common identifiable causes of vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy include spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy. Pelvic ultrasound and quantitative beta-human ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Preterm birth is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Although studies have been complicated by problems of definition and methodology, certain strategies have the potential to reduce both the incidence and the impact of preterm birth. These strategies include accurate assessment of gestational age, educat...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genital herpes affects over 30 million persons in the United States. Genital herpes has three distinct presenting syndromes, depending on the patient's immune status with regard to the herpes simplex virus. Current diagnostic strategy relies on clinical findings and the selective use of viral culture. Acyclovir is the...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux occurs in one in 500 infants. Symptoms resolve in 60 to 80 percent of infants by 18 months of age. Thickened formula and position changes are often recommended. Medication and surgical intervention may be needed in refractory cases. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:HELLP, a syndrome characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels and a low platelet count, is an obstetric complication that is frequently misdiagnosed at initial presentation. Many investigators consider the syndrome to be a variant of preeclampsia, but it may be a separate entity. The pathogenesis of HELLP...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Headaches are common during childhood and become more common and increase in frequency during adolescence. The rational, cost-effective evaluation of children with headache begins with a careful history. The first step is to identify the temporal pattern of the headache--acute, acute-recurrent, chronic-progressive, ch...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Food and Drug Administration has recommended that blood donated for transfusion in the United States be screened for antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type I. Since seropositive donors will be referred to health care providers for advice, physicians should become familiar with HTLV-I, its modes of transmiss...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious bacterium known to cause pertussis (whooping cough) and is transmitted via airborne droplets. Although childhood vaccination has dramatically reduced reported pertussis cases, the incidence of the disease has increased over the past 20 years, most notably in previously immun...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Colonic angiodysplasia is now recognized as a frequent cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients over age 55. These microvascular arteriovenous malformations may be as common a cause of colonic bleeding as diverticular disease. The lesions are not evident on barium studies. Even colonoscopy and selective colonic ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endometrial biopsy is a safe and efficient method to evaluate the endometrium for a variety of indications, most commonly abnormal uterine bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding. Endometrial biopsy is highly specific for diagnosing atypical hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. Pregnancy is the onl...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coronary angioplasty is an accepted method of revascularization in selected patients with coronary artery disease. Immediately after a successful angioplasty, initial management concentrates on the detection and treatment of coronary artery spasm and acute vessel closure, should these complications occur. Once the pat...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and a deterioration in the microarchitecture of bone that increases its susceptibility to fracture. The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density that is 2.5 standard deviations or more below the reference mean for healthy, young ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, accounting for approximately 6,000 deaths per year in the United States. It is more common in women who are older, white, affluent obese and of low parity. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are also predisposing factors. Because any condition that increase...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic tendon injuries present unique management challenges. The assumption that these injuries result from ongoing inflammation has caused physicians to rely on treatments demonstrated to be ineffective in the long term. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be limited in the treatment of these injuries. Corti...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Low-molecular-weight heparin is a relatively recent addition to the list of therapies for prophylaxis and treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). As a prophylactic, low-molecular-weight heparin is as effective as standard heparin or warfarin and does not require monitoring of the activated partial thromboplastin ti...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Knee pain is a common presenting complaint with many possible causes. An awareness of certain patterns can help the family physician identify the underlying cause more efficiently. Teenage girls and young women are more likely to have patellar tracking problems such as patellar subluxation and patellofemoral pain synd...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rapidity with which heparin anticoagulation is achieved is essential to a positive clinical outcome in patients with deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus. However, adequate anticoagulation is frequently not achieved, either as a result of dosing regimens that do not take heparin kinetics into account or bec...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early prophylaxis after exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can reduce the risk of HIV infection 10-fold and should be recommended or offered after all parenteral exposures. The current recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention call for the use of two nucleoside antiretroviral drug...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Menstrual patterns can be an indicator of overall health and self-perception of well-being. Primary amenorrhea, defined as the lifelong absence of menses, requires evaluation if menarche has not occurred by 15 years of age or three years post-thelarche. Secondary amenorrhea is characterized by cessation of previously ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
