Abstract：
:The process of identifying and evaluating the common causes of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy changes as the pregnancy progresses to term. The most common identifiable causes of vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy include spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy. Pelvic ultrasound and quantitative beta-human chorionic gonadotropin measurements are used in the evaluation of early-stage bleeding in pregnancy. During the middle and late stages of pregnancy, placental abnormalities become important in the differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding. Placenta previa classically presents as painless bleeding and is evaluated with ultrasound. Patients with placental abruption may present with abdominal pain and bleeding. As pregnancy progresses to term, bloody show must be considered as a common source of bleeding. Vaginal and cervical lesions can cause vaginal bleeding in any stage of pregnancy.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
McKennett M,Fullerton JTsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-02-15 00:00:00pages
639-46issue
3eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
51pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States. Transmission occurs primarily through the bite of an infected deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Identification of an erythema migrans rash following a tick bite is the only clinical manifestation suffic...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that predominantly affects the coronary arteries. The etiology of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, although an infectious agent is strongly suspected based on clinical and epidemiologic features. A genetic predisposition is also likely, based on varying incidences ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Poisoning is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with several million episodes reported annually. Acute medication poisonings account for nearly one half of all poisonings reported in the United States and should be considered in persons with an acute change in mental status. The initial ap...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute renal failure occurs in 5 percent of hospitalized patients. Etiologically, this common condition can be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic or postrenal. Most patients have prerenal acute renal failure or acute tubular necrosis (a type of intrinsic acute renal failure that is usually caused by ischemia or toxins)...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Common anorectal disorders can produce one or more of the following symptoms: pain, protrusion, pruritus, bleeding or discharge. The cause may be cryptitis, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, anorectal abscess, fistula in ano, neoplasm, condylomata acuminata, pilonidal cyst or inflammatory bowel disease. Each disorder is sugg...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alopecia can be divided into disorders in which the hair follicle is normal but the cycling of hair growth is abnormal and disorders in which the hair follicle is damaged. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in women. Other disorders include alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, cicatricial alope...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The prognosis remains poor for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), despite reduced mortality rates resulting from the addition of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to traditional treatment regimens. Because much of the myocardial damage that occurs in patients with CHF may be related to sympathetic ac...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Childhood bullying has potentially serious implications for bullies and their targets. Bullying involves a pattern of repeated aggression, a deliberate intent to harm or disturb a victim despite the victim's apparent distress, and a real or perceived imbalance of power. Bullying can lead to serious academic, social, e...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common focal entrapment syndrome. Forceful repetitive activity and vibration may be important workplace risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Although systematic study has suggested that carpal tunnel syndrome is work-related, no clear "dose-response" curve has been found between ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Defined as three hours of crying per day occurring more than three days in any one week, colic affects 10 to 20 percent of infants during the first three to four months of life. Food allergy, parental attitude, flatulence, maternal medication and parental smoking have been implicated. Dietary modification, pharmacothe...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hemolytic anemias usually present with persistent reticulocytosis, a characteristic that differentiates them from other types of anemia. Once the presence of a hemolytic process has been documented, simple observation of red blood cell morphology will yield important etiologic information. Hemolysis may result from in...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently treated by family physicians. Despite patients' worries about the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, it is a benign condition. The diagnosis should be made using standard criteria after red flags that may...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Transient organic causes of impotence include alcohol consumption, drug use or inflammatory genital disease. Many diagnoses of organic impotence, with diabetes, for example, have been premature and have resulted in iatrogenic, psychogenic impotence. After a stroke, heart attack or major surgery, depression may cause i...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many patients require sedation during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Ideally, procedural sedation minimizes the patient's awareness and discomfort while maintaining the patient's safety. Appropriate monitoring by trained personnel is the key to successful procedural sedation. These techniques should be used onl...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although a rare entity, laryngeal tuberculosis must be a diagnostic consideration--along with laryngeal carcinoma--whenever patients present with prolonged hoarseness or painful dysphagia. This form of tuberculosis was once thought to be especially virulent and more infectious than other forms; however, severity was p...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of work-related repetitive motion disorders has increased rapidly during the past 20 years. While it appears that psychosocial factors have contributed largely to the increasing incidence of these disorders, ergonomic factors and other medical conditions also play a role. The most common single diagnosti...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although herpes simplex virus is a recognized cause of esophagitis in immunocompromised patients, it may also be the etiologic agent in otherwise healthy individuals. Odynophagia and dysphagia are the major symptoms. The esophagogram may reveal ulcers in the distal esophagus and there may be motor disturbances as well...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The spondyloarthropathies include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (including Reiter's syndrome), psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease-associated spondyloarthropathy, and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. These diseases are linked by their association with the HLA-B27 gene and by the presence ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Gait disorders in the elderly are common and in most cases cannot be treated medically or surgically. Therefore, treatment often relies on ambulatory devices such as canes, crutches, and walkers. Before selecting a device, the patient should be evaluated to define whether one or both upper extremities are required to ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to properly apply casts and splints is a technical skill easily mastered with practice and an understanding of basic principles. The initial approach to casting and splinting requires a thorough assessment of the injured extremity for proper diagnosis. Once the need for immobilization is ascertained, casti...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Henoch-Schönlein purpura is an acute, systemic, immune complex-mediated, leukocytoclastic vasculitis. It is characterized by a triad of palpable purpura (without thrombocytopenia), abdominal pain, and arthritis. Most patients have an antecedent upper respiratory illness. More than 90 percent of Henoch-Schönlein purpur...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with restless legs syndrome often have difficulty describing their symptoms. Three features characterize the classic syndrome: an unusual, almost indescribable sensation in the lower extremities; an irresistible urge to move the legs, and the exclusive occurrence of the symptoms at rest, with their relief by ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pretibial myxedema is a localized dermopathy seen in patients with past or present hyperthyroidism. Massive intradermal deposition of mucin (acid mucopolysaccharide) produces the classic indurated nodules or plaques on the anterior lower legs. Most patients have elevated levels of LATS in their serum; however, this ap...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Benign pulmonary neoplasms are relatively uncommon. The symptoms vary, depending on the location of the tumor. Specific diagnosis can be a time-consuming process and requires an orderly plan. Polytomography or computed tomographic scan, bronchoscopy, percutaneous biopsy or thoracotomy may be required. Tissue diagnosis...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With the release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., the diagnostic category previously known as somatoform disorders is now called somatic symptom and related disorders. The revisions were intended to increase their relevance in the primary care setting. The main feature of this dis...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Constipation is a common childhood condition, estimated to occur in 5 to 10 percent of children. In most cases, the cause is functional. However, constipation may occasionally indicate a significant organic disorder, which can usually be determined by a thorough history and physical examination. Constipation that is p...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the role of digoxin therapy has been the subject of debate, the drug is generally accepted as effective in the treatment of heart failure due to systolic dysfunction and as therapy for atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Serum digoxin concentrations are commonly used to gauge patient re...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Manic episodes are characterized by the triad of unstable mood, pressured speech and increased motor activity. This type of episode is often due to bipolar disorder. Benzodiazepines and antipsychotic agents are generally used in the acute emergency management of mania. Lithium, carbamazepine or a valproate preparation...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prompt defibrillation with lower energy levels (200 joules) initially is now recommended. Epinephrine is effective when instilled intratracheally and remains the treatment of choice for restoring cardiac rhythm. Enthusiasm for isoproterenol and calcium chloride has waned. Sodium bicarbonate and atropine are now used m...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Herpes zoster ("shingles") is usually a benign, self-limited disease. However, it can be debilitating or even fatal. The potentially serious complications of ocular involvement or postherpetic neuralgia and the confusing therapeutic regimens that are often advocated make this a complicated subject. Dissemination is mo...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-12-01 00:00:00
