Abstract：
:Gait disorders in the elderly are common and in most cases cannot be treated medically or surgically. Therefore, treatment often relies on ambulatory devices such as canes, crutches, and walkers. Before selecting a device, the patient should be evaluated to define whether one or both upper extremities are required to achieve balance or bear weight. Patients requiring only one upper extremity can use a cane, while patients requiring both upper extremities are best served by forearm crutches or walkers. The patient's need to bear weight through the device will help the physician choose a specific device. When measuring the device, anatomic landmarks and the angle of the elbow must be taken into consideration. Because time often is limited during a routine office visit, a physical therapist often can provide further training for patients learning to use such a device.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Van Hook FW,Demonbreun D,Weiss BDsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-04-15 00:00:00pages
1717-24issue
8eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
67pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently treated by family physicians. Despite patients' worries about the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, it is a benign condition. The diagnosis should be made using standard criteria after red flags that may...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Post-traumatic stress disorder evolved from the concepts of shell shock and traumatic war neurosis. In Vietnam veterans, the disorder is associated with unemployment, marital discord, alcoholism and increased autonomic system response to perceived symbols of war trauma. A combination of psychotherapy and pharmacothera...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myocardial perfusion imaging with stress testing by exercise or pharmacologic methods and functional evaluation of the left ventricle are useful in many patients. Uses include determination of diagnosis and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease, preoperative evaluation, management and risk stratification ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seizure patterns usually reflect known functions of the involved areas of the brain. The causes of epilepsy vary with the age at onset. For the purposes of determining drug therapy, seizures are divided into three groups. Focal and tonic-clonic seizures respond to one group of drugs, and absence seizures respond to an...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eating disorders are life-threatening conditions that are challenging to address; however, the primary care setting provides an important opportunity for critical medical and psychosocial intervention. The recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., includes updated diagnostic cr...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When first seen, the overtranquilized patient may already be in withdrawal, may have other medical problems or may be seeking psychiatric help. The patient may, however, be primarily interested in obtaining more medication. Abuse and withdrawal of sedatives, tranquilizers, narcotics or alcohol, or a combination of the...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An estimated 15% of children in the United States have at least one developmental delay, yet less than one-fifth of those children receive early intervention services before three years of age. Many barriers exist to implementing initial screening and referral, but screening tools can be easily incorporated into the w...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atypical moles can be distinguished visually by clinical features of size greater than 6 mm in diameter, color variegation, indistinct borders, and textured surface. All patients who have atypical moles should be counselled about sun avoidance, screening of family members, and regular skin checks at least once per yea...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2008-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A throat culture is necessary for accurate diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. The use of penicillin therapy in every patient with sore throat results in overtreatment of 85 percent of children and 95 percent of adults presenting to family physicians with the complaint of sore throat...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Postpartum hemorrhage, the loss of more than 500 mL of blood after delivery, occurs in up to 18 percent of births and is the most common maternal morbidity in developed countries. Although risk factors and preventive strategies are dearly documented, not all cases are expected or avoidable. Uterine atony is responsibl...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The specific type of epilepsy must be identified. The history and the EEG provide the evidence. Drug selection is then based on the classification of the patient's epilepsy. Major drugs used in the management of epilepsy are phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, ethosuximide and valproic acid. The physic...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ectopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in North America and is a leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester. Greater awareness of risk factors and improved technology (biochemical markers and ultrasonography) allow ectopic pregnancy to be identified before the developmen...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome are conditions that primary care physicians are likely to encounter. Up to 20 percent of children have at least a transient tic disorder at some point. Once believed to be rare, Tourette's syndrome is now known to be a more common disorder that represents the most complex and seve...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with seasonal affective disorder have episodes of major depression that tend to recur during specific times of the year, usually in winter. Like major depression, seasonal affective disorder probably is underdiagnosed in primary care settings. Although several screening instruments are available, such screeni...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of work-related repetitive motion disorders has increased rapidly during the past 20 years. While it appears that psychosocial factors have contributed largely to the increasing incidence of these disorders, ergonomic factors and other medical conditions also play a role. The most common single diagnosti...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past decade, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis has emerged as a successful alternative to hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure. Performed continuously, peritoneal dialysis achieves total transfer comparable to hemodialysis and removes peptides faster. Studies have shown that surviv...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:People with acute bronchitis may show little evidence of bacterial infection. If effective, antibiotics could shorten the course of the disease. However, if they are not effective, the risk of antibiotic resistance may be increased. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of antibiotic treatme...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most commonly recognized genetic cause of mental retardation. The risk of trisomy 21 is directly related to maternal age. All forms of prenatal testing for Down syndrome must be voluntary. A nondirective approach should be used when presenting patients with options for prenatal screen...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The female athlete triad is defined as the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis. This disorder often goes unrecognized. The consequences of lost bone mineral density can be devastating for the female athlete. Premature osteoporotic fractures can occur, and lost bone mineral density may never b...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The chief side effect of phenobarbital is drowsiness, which is usually associated with overdosage. Phenytoin, on the other hand, causes gingival hyperplasia in many patients, irreversible hypertrichosis in some patients and lethal reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, in a few patients. Antiepileptic therapy sh...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides oralis are predominant anaerobes in orofacial infections and aspiration pneumonia. Fusobacterium species are common pathogens in aspiration pneumonia, brain abscesses and orofacial infections. Clostridium perfringens can cause bacteremia and wound infections. Clostridium bot...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Respiratory difficulty is a common presenting complaint in the outpatient primary care setting. Because patients may first seek care by calling their physician's office, telephone triage plays a role in the early management of dyspnea. Once the patient is in the office, the initial goal of assessment is to determine t...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eczematous dermatitis is a common condition that can interfere with social function, sleep and employment. Its persistence and accompanying pruritus may be stressful and frustrating for patients. The most common and best characterized type of eczema, atopic dermatitis, appears to be increasing in incidence. Other comm...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The preparticipation physical evaluation is a commonly requested medical visit for amateur and professional athletes of all ages. The overarching goal is to maximize the health of athletes and their safe participation in sports. Although studies have not found that the preparticipation physical evaluation prevents mor...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non-insulin-resistant diabetes) have a significantly increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Once clinical cardiovascular disease develops, these patients have a poorer prognosis than normoglycemic patients. By inducing endothelial changes, hyperglycemia co...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Disorders of puberty can profoundly impact physical and psychosocial well-being. Precocious puberty is pubertal onset before eight years of age in girls and before nine years of age in boys. Patients with early isolated pubertal changes, prepubertal linear growth, and no worrisome neurologic symptoms typically have a ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wide complex tachycardias are cardiac rhythm disorders with three or more consecutive beats, rates exceeding 100 beats per minute and a QRS duration of 120 msec (0.12 second) or greater. The width of the QRS complex should be verified in a number of leads, since the QRS complex often appears mistakenly narrower (i.e.,...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cystic masses of the neck may represent thyroid, parathyroid, thyroglossal duct or branchial cleft cysts. Analysis of the cyst fluid may establish the etiology. Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone can be found in parathyroid cysts without concomitant hyperparathyroidism. A high concentration of cholesterol without ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiac pacemakers are generally used in conditions where bradyarrhythmia is a major problem, such as advanced heart block, sick sinus syndrome and bundle branch block. Temporary or permanent pacing may be needed to control certain tachyarrhythmias refractory to medical therapy. Temporary pacing may be of value in the...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prompt defibrillation with lower energy levels (200 joules) initially is now recommended. Epinephrine is effective when instilled intratracheally and remains the treatment of choice for restoring cardiac rhythm. Enthusiasm for isoproterenol and calcium chloride has waned. Sodium bicarbonate and atropine are now used m...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-02-01 00:00:00
