Abstract：
:To complement the 2005 Annual Clinical Focus on medical genomics, AFP is publishing a series of short reviews on genetic syndromes. This series was designed to increase awareness of these diseases so that family physicians can recognize and diagnose children with these disorders and understand the kind of care they might require in the future. This review discusses Klinefelter syndrome.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Wattendorf DJ,Muenke Msubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-12-01 00:00:00pages
2259-62issue
11eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
72pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:A throat culture is necessary for accurate diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. The use of penicillin therapy in every patient with sore throat results in overtreatment of 85 percent of children and 95 percent of adults presenting to family physicians with the complaint of sore throat...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ischemic heart disease is one of the most common disorders managed by family physicians. Stratifying patients according to risk is important early in the course of the disease to identify patients who require invasive (percutaneous or surgical) treatment. Physical examination, clinical history, noninvasive tests and a...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hoarseness is the term often used by patients to describe changes in their voice quality. The causes of hoarseness are determined after obtaining a detailed medical history of the circumstances preceding the onset of hoarseness and performing a thorough physical examination. The latter may include visualization of the...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carpal tunnel syndrome, the most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity, is caused by compression of the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel. Classically, patients with the condition experience pain and paresthesias in the distribution of the median nerve, which includes the palmar aspect...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2016-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis A is a common viral illness worldwide, although the incidence in the United States has diminished in recent years as a result of extended immunization practices. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through fecal-oral contamination, and there are occasional outbreaks through food sources. Young children are usua...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural supplements are widely used in the United States and, while claims of their therapeutic effects abound, medical research does not always support their effectiveness. St. John's wort acts as a weak selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with fewer side effects. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) has enough of an antid...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smell and taste disorders can be challenging to diagnose because of the large number of potential etiologies. Patients are often unable to provide a clear history of symptoms, because they frequently cannot distinguish between difficulties with smell and taste. Standardized questionnaires may be helpful in diagnosis. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2013-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytochrome P450 enzymes are essential for the metabolism of many medications. Although this class has more than 50 enzymes, six of them metabolize 90 percent of drugs, with the two most significant enzymes being CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Genetic variability (polymorphism) in these enzymes may influence a patient's response t...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:If current trends continue, U.S. health insurance costs will consume the average household's annual income by 2025. As health care becomes unaffordable for most people in the United States, it will be necessary to implement innovative models to move the system in a more equitable and sustainable direction. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Food and Drug Administration has recommended that blood donated for transfusion in the United States be screened for antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type I. Since seropositive donors will be referred to health care providers for advice, physicians should become familiar with HTLV-I, its modes of transmiss...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Congenital hearing loss is estimated to affect one in every 1,000 newborns. Causes of hearing loss can be conductive, sensorineural, mixed, or central. Known risk factors for congenital hearing loss include cytomegalovirus infection and premature birth necessitating a stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. However,...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Excessive sweating from the palms and soles, known as palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, affects both children and adults. Diagnosis of this potentially embarrassing and socially disabling condition is based on the patient's history and visible signs of sweating. The condition usually is idiopathic. Treatment remains a chall...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Knee pain is a common presenting complaint with many possible causes. An awareness of certain patterns can help the family physician identify the underlying cause more efficiently. Teenage girls and young women are more likely to have patellar tracking problems such as patellar subluxation and patellofemoral pain synd...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alopecia can be divided into disorders in which the hair follicle is normal but the cycling of hair growth is abnormal and disorders in which the hair follicle is damaged. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in women. Other disorders include alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, cicatricial alope...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has redefined the threshold of concern for low-level lead toxicity, reducing it from a blood lead level of 25 micrograms per dL (1.21 mumol per L) to a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per dL (0.48 mumol per L), and has recommended universal screening of young children. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The major chlamydial infections are conjunctivitis and pneumonia in infants and urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis and ocular infection in adults. Tetracyclines are usually the drugs of choice for the treatment of chlamydial infections. Erythromycin therapy is preferred for pregnant women and for neonates with conjun...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diet is the single most significant risk factor for disability and premature death. Patients and physicians often have difficulty staying abreast of diet trends, many of which focus primarily on weight loss rather than nutrition and health. Recommending an eating style can help patients make positive change. Dietary p...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The principle of confidentiality is one of the clearest and firmest rules of professional ethics. However, situations can arise in which confidentiality ought to be abridged in favor of other, weightier values. In the case of a teenager who asks a family physician to prescribe birth control pills for her without infor...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Constipation is a common childhood condition, estimated to occur in 5 to 10 percent of children. In most cases, the cause is functional. However, constipation may occasionally indicate a significant organic disorder, which can usually be determined by a thorough history and physical examination. Constipation that is p...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The exposed and unprotected position of the auricle makes it susceptible to injuries. Because many of these injuries are initially managed in a primary care setting, family physicians should have an understanding of the management of auricular hematomas, lacerations, abrasions and thermal injuries. Auricular hematoma ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Hematuria, symptomatic and incidental, that involves more than three red blood cells per high-power field on two of three properly collected urinalysis specimens warrants some type of imaging to evaluate the upper tracts. Traditionally, excretory urography or the intravenous pyelogram has been the mainstay of the hema...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most commonly, constipation in the infant is functional, with increased tone of colonic smooth muscle. Hirschsprung's disease is the best known of the infrequent organic causes. Treatment includes reassurance of parents, use of sugars, fluids and bulk and care of fissures. Voluntary stool withholding occurs in older c...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vomiting, amnesia, a history of falls and other injuries, and depression and anxiety may all be clues to a drinking problem. Decreased work performance, absenteeism and difficulty in getting along with others may be present. Coming to grips with the problem is essential. Once the patient accepts the need for abstinenc...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients commonly present to family physicians with low back pain. Because the majority of patients fully or partially recover within six weeks, imaging studies are generally not recommended in the first month of acute low back pain. Exceptions include patients with suspected cauda equina syndrome, infection, tumor, f...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 100,000 children are born in the U.S. each year with major congenital defects or genetic disorders, with or without mental retardation. Advances in prenatal diagnosis have now made it possible to detect an increasing number of these disorders in utero. Carrier detection is advised prior to pregnancy, rather ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Manic episodes are characterized by the triad of unstable mood, pressured speech and increased motor activity. This type of episode is often due to bipolar disorder. Benzodiazepines and antipsychotic agents are generally used in the acute emergency management of mania. Lithium, carbamazepine or a valproate preparation...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Down syndrome is caused by triplicate material of chromosome 21. The syndrome has a variable physical expression, but congenital cardiac defects, transient myelodysplasia of the newborn and duodenal atresia are highly specific for this chromosomal disorder. Routine health maintenance is important because infants and c...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recognition of the allergic individual is facilitated by an awareness of certain characteristic actions and various facial lesions which may be clues to other allergic problems. A gaping expression, clearing of the throat and rubbing or mashing of the eyes and nose may indicate significant rhinitis. Dark circles and b...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting nearly one-half [corrected] of Americans older than 85 years. It is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Amyloid plaque accumulation, neurofibrillary tau tangles, and depletion of acetylcholine are among the pathologic manifest...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2011-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Endometrial biopsy is a safe and efficient method to evaluate the endometrium for a variety of indications, most commonly abnormal uterine bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding. Endometrial biopsy is highly specific for diagnosing atypical hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. Pregnancy is the onl...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
