Abstract:
:Of the toxins produced by Bacillus cereus, the emetic toxin is likely the most dangerous but, due to the lack of a suitable assay, the least well known. In this paper, a new, sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid bioassay for detection of the emetic toxin of B. cereus is described. The assay is based on the loss of motility of boar spermatozoa upon 24 h of exposure to extracts of emetic B. cereus strains or contaminated food. The paralyzed spermatozoa exhibited swollen mitochondria, but no depletion of cellular ATP or damage to plasma membrane integrity was observed. Analysis of the purified toxin by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry showed that it was a dodecadepsipeptide with a mass fragmentation pattern similar to that described for cereulide. The 50% effective concentration of the purified toxin to boar spermatozoa was 0.5 ng of purified toxin ml of extended boar semen-1. This amount corresponds to 10(4) to 10(5) CFU of B. cereus cells. No toxicity was detected for 27 other B. cereus strains up to 10(8) CFU ml-1. The detection limit for food was 3 g of rice containing 10(6) to 10(7) CFU of emetic B. cereus per gram. Effects similar to those provoked by emetic B. cereus toxin were also induced in boar spermatozoa by valinomycin and gramicidin at 2 and 3 ng ml of extended boar semen-1, respectively. The symptoms provoked by the toxin in spermatozoa indicated that B. cereus emetic toxin was acting as a membrane channel-forming ionophore, damaging mitochondria and blocking the oxidative phosphorylation required for the motility of boar spermatozoa.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Andersson MA,Mikkola R,Helin J,Andersson MC,Salkinoja-Salonen Mdoi
10.1128/AEM.64.4.1338-1343.1998subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-04-01 00:00:00pages
1338-43issue
4eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336journal_volume
64pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Mesophilic and psychrotrophic populations from refrigerated meat were identified in this study, and the spoilage potential of microbial isolates in packaged beef was evaluated by analyzing the release of volatile organic compounds (VOC) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty mesophilic and twenty-nine ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02762-08
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Isolates of the obligately biotrophic fungus Uncinula necator cluster in three distinct genetic groups (groups I, II, and III). We designed PCR primers specific for these groups in order to monitor field populations of U. necator. We used the nucleotide sequences of the gene that encodes eburicol 14alpha-demethylase (...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.65.9.3950-3954.1999
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iron(III)-reducing bacteria have been demonstrated to rapidly catalyze the reduction and immobilization of uranium(VI) from contaminated subsurface sediments. Thus, these organisms may aid in the development of bioremediation strategies for uranium contamination, which is prevalent in acidic subsurface sediments at U....
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.12.7467-7479.2003
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ethanol caused altered mobility of the lipophilic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in plasma membrane preparations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Because lipids had been shown to protect yeast cells against ethanol toxicity, sterols, fatty acids, proteins, and combinations of these were tested; however, protection fr...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.50.3.685-689.1985
更新日期:1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The growth response of Acacia mangium Willd. to inoculation with selected Bradyrhizobium strains was investigated in two field trials in the Ivory Coast (West Africa). In the first trial (Anguededou), four provenances (i.e., trees originating from seeds harvested in different geographical areas) of A. mangium were ino...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.60.11.3974-3980.1994
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Forty-nine isolates of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and a single isolate of Butyrivibrio crossotus were screened for the production of inhibitors by a deferred plating procedure. Twenty-five isolates produced factors which, to various degrees, inhibited the growth of the other Butyrivibrio isolates. None of the inhibitor...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.63.2.394-402.1997
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stability of the plasmid pKK223-200 in Escherichia coli JM105 was studied for both free and immobilized cells during continuous culture. The relationship between plasmid copy number, xylanase activity, which was coded for by the plasmid, and growth rate and culture conditions involved complex interactions which determ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.53.7.1548-1555.1987
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growth of the ruminal bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1, and R. albus 7 followed Monod kinetics with respect to concentrations of individual pure cellodextrins (cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and cellohexaose). Under the conditions tested, R. flavefaciens FD-...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.3.1084-1088.1996
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 10-mer primer OPM-01 (5'-GTT GGT GGC T-3') was used to generate random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles by polymerase chain reaction for 91 strains of Listeria monocytogenes from raw milk, food, and veterinary, medical, and food-environmental sources. The profiles obtained contained 1 to 10 bands w...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.59.9.3117-3119.1993
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple and efficient process for the production of a ruminant feed supplement, rich in crude protein (defined as total N X 6.25), by bacterial fermentation of cheese whey has been developed. The lactose in unpasteurized whey is fermented to lactate acid by Lactobacillus bulgaricus at a temperature of 43 degrees C an...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.32.6.769-776.1976
更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa JB2 was isolated from a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil by enrichment culture containing 2-chlorobenzoate as the sole carbon source. Strain JB2 was subsequently found also to grow on 3-chlorobenzoate, 2,3- and 2,5-dichlorobenzoates, 2,3,5-trichlorobenzoate, and a wide range of other m...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.56.12.3842-3850.1990
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a leading cause of food-borne illness. This human pathogen produces Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2) which inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosome function. The present study describes a novel cell-based assay to detect Stx2 and inhibitors of toxin activity. A Vero cell line harborin...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02230-08
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::An anaerobic, cellulose-degrading, gram-negative rod and a gram-positive coccus, identified as Bacteroides succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, respectively, were isolated from pig fecal samples. These organisms were isolated from cellulolytic most-probable-number dilutions which represented 4 or 6% of the viab...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.47.1.219-221.1984
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deep-ocean hydrothermal-vent environments are rich in heavy metals and metalloids and present excellent sites for the isolation of metal-resistant microorganisms. Both metalloid-oxide-resistant and metalloid-oxide-reducing bacteria were found. Tellurite- and selenite-reducing strains were isolated in high numbers from...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.68.9.4613-4622.2002
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::At certain stages in its growth cycle, Methanosarcina mazei produces an enzyme (disaggregatase) that causes aggregates to separate into single cells. M. mazei S-6 and LYC both produce this enzymatic activity, although the specificities of activities differ. The disaggregatase of M. mazei S-6 had little effect on strai...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.56.12.3693-3698.1990
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug, is widely used in the treatment of serious infections in humans. Its degradation by basidiomycetous fungi was studied by monitoring 14CO2 production from [14C]CIP in liquid cultures. Sixteen species inhabiting wood, soil, humus, or animal dung produced up to 3...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.65.4.1556-1563.1999
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The induction of hydroxyl radical (OH) production via quinone redox cycling in white-rot fungi was investigated to improve pollutant degradation. In particular, we examined the influence of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde), Mn(2+), and oxalate on Pleurotus eryngii OH generation. Our standard quinone redox cycling ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02138-08
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacteriophages are very abundant in the biosphere, and viral infection is believed to affect the activity and genetic diversity of bacterial communities in aquatic environments. Lysogenic conversion, for example, can improve host fitness and lead to phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer. However, little is known abo...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01435-07
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The changes in motility, chemotactic responsiveness, and flagellation of Rhizobium meliloti RMB7201, L5-30, and JJ1c10 were analyzed after transfer of the bacteria to buffer with no available C, N, or phosphate. Cells of these three strains remained viable for weeks after transfer to starvation buffer (SB) but lost al...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.64.5.1708-1714.1998
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant DNA clones carrying high-copy or low-copy sequences from Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa were used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) diagnostic for members of the A. flavus group: A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. These fungi were resolved into three distinct ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.56.8.2453-2461.1990
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Lactococcus lactis, which is widely used as a starter in the cheese industry, the first step of aromatic and branched-chain amino acid degradation is a transamination which is catalyzed by two major aminotransferases. We have previously purified and characterized biochemically and genetically the aromatic aminotran...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.66.2.571-577.2000
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The denitrifying betaproteobacterium "Aromatoleum aromaticum" strain EbN1 degrades several aromatic compounds, including ethylbenzene, toluene, p-cresol, and phenol, under anoxic conditions. The hydrophobicity of these aromatic solvents determines their toxic properties. Here, we investigated the response of strain Eb...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02381-07
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The diversity of fungi in permanently frozen soil from northeastern Siberia was studied by culture-independent PCR amplification of diverse environmental 18S rRNA genes. Elaborate protocols to avoid contamination during drilling, sampling, and amplification were used. A broad diversity of eukaryotic DNA sequences that...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.2.1012-1017.2005
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of the deoxyribonucleic acid genomes of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (multiply embedded type) and Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus (multiply embedded type) demonstrate that the two viruses are distinct but closely related variants. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.35.6.1206-1210.1978
更新日期:1978-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nisin is a small gene-encoded antimicrobial protein produced by Lactococcus lactis that contains unusual dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine residues. The reactivity of these residues toward nucleophiles was explored by reacting nisin with a variety of mercaptans. The kinetics of reaction with 2-mercaptoethane-sulfonat...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.56.8.2551-2558.1990
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 suppresses take-all, a major root disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The bacteria produce an antibiotic, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), and a fluorescent pyoverdin siderophore. Previous studies have established that PCA has an important role in the biologi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.57.11.3270-3277.1991
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epimerization of sugar nucleotides is central to the structural diversification of monosaccharide building blocks for cellular biosynthesis. Epimerase applicability to carbohydrate synthesis can be limited, however, by the high degree of substrate specificity exhibited by most sugar nucleotide epimerases. Here, we dis...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02131-20
更新日期:2020-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of long-term application of heavy metal-laden sewage sludge on the total heterotrophic aerobic and the cadmium-resistant soil bacterial communities was studied. Gram-positive bacteria were completely absent from resistant communities. These findings suggest that this group is highly susceptible to Cd. Shann...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.49.2.333-337.1985
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method is described whereby the presence of Salmonella spp. can be detected within 8 to 24 h of sample collection. The method depends upon the interaction of Salmonella spp. with the Salmonella-specific Felix-O1 bacteriophage. This interaction results in an increase in concentration of the bacteriophage which is det...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.45.1.260-264.1983
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conjugal transfer of lactose-fermenting ability (Lac+), nisin resistance (Nisr), and phage resistance (Hsp+) was demonstrated in matings between Streptococcus lactis ME2 (donor) and Streptococcus cremoris M43a (recipient), a derivative of M12R. Transconjugants were detected by transfer of Lac+ and were found to exhibi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.50.4.851-858.1985
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00