Abstract:
:Before sounds originating outside the abdomen of pregnant women can reach the inner ear of the fetus, they must first pass through the tissues and fluids surrounding the fetal head. Low-frequency sound energy easily penetrates to the fetal head, less than 5 dB attenuation for frequencies below 500 Hz, whereas higher frequencies are attenuated by up to 20 to 30 dB. The sound energy in amniotic fluid stimulates fetal hearing through a bone conduction route rather than through the external and middle ear systems. During passage through the bones of the skull, sound energy is slightly diminished for frequencies less than 250 Hz (10 to 20 dB), yet significantly reduced for frequencies from 500 to 2,000 Hz (40 to 50 dB). Thus, the fetus in utero can easily detect low-frequency sound energy (< 500 Hz) produced at levels that are comfortably loud for its mother, but probably cannot detect acoustic energy at frequencies higher than 500 Hz.
journal_name
Semin Perinatoljournal_title
Seminars in perinatologyauthors
Gerhardt KJ,Abrams RMdoi
10.1016/s0146-0005(96)80053-xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-02-01 00:00:00pages
11-20issue
1eissn
0146-0005issn
1558-075Xpii
S0146-0005(96)80053-Xjournal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The safety of cesarean section has improved dramatically over the past 50 years. During the past 20 years a greater awareness of and discussion about the symptomatic morbidity that can result for women following vaginal delivery has occurred and women's expectations for the outcome of pregnancy for them and their babi...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2003.50002
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::With 50-90% of pregnant women experiencing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), the burden of illness can become quite significant if symptoms are under-treated and/or under-diagnosed, thus allowing for progression of the disease. The majority of these women will necessitate at least one visit with a provider to sp...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.08.014
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The principal objective of antenatal testing is to detect fetal hypoxia before the fetus has suffered lasting harm. This article summarizes some of the mechanisms by which fetal oxygen consumption is maintained under normal conditions, and adaptations that occur in response to hypoxemia. Alterations in the fetal heart...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.04.003
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute renal failure in the newborn is a common problem and is typically classified as prerenal, intrinsic renal disease including vascular insults, and obstructive uropathy. In the newborn, renal failure may have a prenatal onset in congenital diseases such as renal dysplasia with or without obstructive uropathy and i...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2003.11.003
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The onset of preeclampsia at or near to term is associated with low maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In contrast, those patients (1%) who suffer early onset preeclampsia engender significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, because of the lack of proven prophylaxis for preeclamp...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(99)80059-7
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review evaluates and compares, by using the best available medical evidence, the risks and benefits of postnatal steroid use in very low birth weight infants. Systemic postnatal steroids are effective at reducing the risk of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight infants; they appear to be most ...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2001.29034
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality for patients during labor. The risk is increased in those women who require obstetric surgery and general anesthesia. Furthermore, gastric aspiration is believed to be largely preventable. Care providers can reduce the risk...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(97)80074-2
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diagnostic errors remain understudied in neonatology. The limited available evidence, however, suggests that diagnostic errors in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) result in significant and long-term consequences. In this narrative review, we discuss how the concept of diagnostic errors framed as missed opportun...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2019.08.004
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A large body of research indicates that children born very preterm are at increased risk for neurobehavioral impairments; however, research examining outcome for extremely preterm (EP) children is limited. This chapter will review the literature focusing on early development delay, general intellectual functioning, sp...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2007.12.009
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although a minor constituent by weight, surfactant protein B (SP-B) plays a major role in surfactant function. It is the unique structure of SP-B that promotes permeabilization, cross-linking, mixing, and fusion of phospholipids, facilitating the proper structure and function of pulmonary surfactant as well as contrib...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.08.003
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nutrition plays a critical role in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Growth failure in infants with BPD is predominantly due to malnutrition. Malnutrition can worsen BPD by compromising lung growth. Feeding difficulties in these infants can further affect nutrition. Dexamethasone, used...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2006.05.007
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here we provide a brief overview of the natural process of labor and its biochemical, hormonal, and mechanical characteristics that can be exploited in methods employed for induction of labor. ...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.07.001
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ultrasound remains the modality of choice in imaging the fetus due to its availability, safety, and low cost. With advances in technology, however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important adjuvant in the evaluation of the fetus. MRI is not limited by fetal lie, oligohydramnios, overlying bone, or obes...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2013.06.005
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumors are a rare but important cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonate. There is a wide spectrum of benign and malignant tumors that can occur, some of which have a unique presentation and behavior in this age group. It is important to recognize that tumors such as stage IVS neuroblastoma, which have a good p...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(97)80026-2
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The developing heart undergoes a remarkable metabolic transformation as it adjusts to the higher-oxygen, extrauterine environment. During gestation, glycolysis and lactate oxidation constitute the major sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the fetal heart. After birth, however, there is a rapid shift from carbo...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(96)80068-1
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sudden unexpected changes in the life of a family create many different emotions in various family members. The death of a young woman during or after her pregnancy is especially difficult because of the strain it places on family dynamics. One of the consequences is that there is, commonly, a newborn, and perhaps oth...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2011.09.014
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately one in ten (approximately 500,000) pregnancies results in preterm birth (PTB) annually in the United States. Although we have seen a slight decrease in the U.S. PTB rate between 2007 and 2014, data from 2014 to 2015 shows the preterm birth rate has slightly increased. It is even more intriguing to note t...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.07.014
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is not a well-known disease, except among specialists in maternal-fetal medicine, neonatologists, and certain pediatricians (ie, hematologists). However, this is by far the most common cause of early severe thrombocytopenia in neonates and of intracranial hemorrhage in te...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.10.003
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pulmonary inflammation, increased production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and vitamin A deficiency are risk factors for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants. To determine the mechanisms by which IL-1beta influences lung development, we have ge...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2006.04.009
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extreme hyperbilirubinemia can cause bilirubin neurotoxicity. Infants with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency can develop hemolysis and thus are at high risk. We evaluated a device that quantitatively measures G6PD activity kinetically using digital microfluidics (DMF). Intra- and inter-instrument and...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151356
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preterm birth occurs in 7% to 12% of all deliveries, but accounts for over 85% of all perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although the ability of obstetric care providers to identify women at risk for preterm delivery has improved, the overall incidence of preterm birth has remained unchanged for the past 30 years. Pre...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2001.26417
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the literature on infectious diseases as a cause of stillbirth. Identifying a specific infection as a cause of stillbirth is limited by many obstacles. Nevertheless, "good faith" efforts estimate that approximately 9% to 15% of stillbirths are caused by infections. Infection may be especially impo...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/sper.2002.29839
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ichthyoses encompass a variety of genetic disorders marked by abnormal epidermal differentiation. The neonatal period is critical for patients with ichthyosis because of the risk for significant associated morbidity and mortality, with the majority of complications arising as a result of impaired barrier function....
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2012.11.001
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The unexpectedness of genital ambiguity in an infant creates an urgent and stressful situation. A logical approach, using a team of specialists together with nursery staff and physicians, allows each member to contribute expertise and unnecessary overlap of investigations. The psychological needs of the parents should...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cesarean birth (CB) rates are rising, globally. The global burden of CB is having a mixed effect on pregnancy outcomes and requires significant clinical and economic resources. The context of CB care in low- and middle-income countries is further complicated by barriers to facility-based care itself, followed by issue...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2019.03.015
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a highly technical and complex method of life support. Patient and circuit emergencies on ECMO are rare, but in these cases, prompt and correct actions to address the crisis are needed to prevent morbidity and mortality. ECMO simulation programs have gained popularity in r...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2016.08.002
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Newborn screening (NBS) reaches approximately all of the 4 million newborns in the United States each year and has been effective in significantly reducing the morbidity and mortality that results from certain congenital conditions. The comprehensive NBS system can be divided into preanalytic (education and screening)...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.12.002
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ethics is an essential dimension of the management of periviable birth in both clinical practice and research. The goal of clinical care in periviable birth is to improve outcomes for current pregnant and fetal patients. The goal of research in periviable birth is to improve outcomes for future pregnant patients and f...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2013.06.027
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::For many years, all of the described cases of monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency were associated with hyperphenylalaninemia that was generally detected at neonatal screening. It is now clear that inherited deficiency of monoamines often occurs in the absence of hyperphenylalaninemia and that the normal battery of s...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0146-0005(99)80051-2
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phototherapy for jaundice is a common treatment in neonatal medicine and is used to prevent the neurotoxic effects of bilirubin. Studies have assessed the optimal wavelength of phototherapy light, the importance of irradiance and spectral power, and the types of light source, including the use of single versus multipl...
journal_title:Seminars in perinatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2010.02.008
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00