Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs.

abstract：:Fullerenes are graphitic cage structures incorporating exactly twelve pentagons. The smallest possible fullerene is thus C20, which consists solely of pentagons. But the extreme curvature and reactivity of this structure have led to doubts about its existence and stability. Although theoretical calculations have ident...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Prinzbach H,Weiler A,Landenberger P,Wahl F,Worth J,Scott LT,Gelmont M,Olevano D,v. Issendorff B

更新日期：2000-09-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcium permeability of basophil and mast cell membranes is stimulated on allergen binding to its specific membrane-bound IgE. This entry of Ca2+ ions into the cell triggers the degranulation and secretion process. Disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn DSCG), the disodium salt of 1,3-bis(-2-carboxychromon-5-yloxy)-2-hydroxy...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mazurek N,Berger G,Pecht I

更新日期：1980-08-14 00:00:00

abstract：:The protein HLA-E is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule of limited sequence variability. Its expression on the cell surface is regulated by the binding of peptides derived from the signal sequence of some other MHC class I molecules. Here we report the identification of ligands for HLA-E. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Braud VM,Allan DS,O'Callaghan CA,Söderström K,D'Andrea A,Ogg GS,Lazetic S,Young NT,Bell JI,Phillips JH,Lanier LL,McMichael AJ

更新日期：1998-02-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The primary function of the adenovirus E1A-region genes is to activate other adenoviral genes during a permissive viral infection by modifying the host cell transcriptional apparatus. Host cell immortalization, or transformation by the whole adenoviral early region, presumably results as a consequence of these modific...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Webster KA,Muscat GE,Kedes L

更新日期：1988-04-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein aggregates are the hallmark of stressed and ageing cells, and characterize several pathophysiological states. Healthy metazoan cells effectively eliminate intracellular protein aggregates, indicating that efficient disaggregation and/or degradation mechanisms exist. However, metazoans lack the key heat-shock p...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Nillegoda NB,Kirstein J,Szlachcic A,Berynskyy M,Stank A,Stengel F,Arnsburg K,Gao X,Scior A,Aebersold R,Guilbride DL,Wade RC,Morimoto RI,Mayer MP,Bukau B

更新日期：2015-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The CD4 glycoprotein is expressed on T-helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes which are restricted to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on target cells. Antibody inhibition studies imply that CD4 acts to increase the avidity of effector-target cell interactions. These observations have led to the spec...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Doyle C,Strominger JL

更新日期：1987-11-19 00:00:00

abstract：:At early stages of the mammalian visual cortex, neurons with similar stimulus selectivities are vertically arrayed through the thickness of the cortical sheet and clustered in patches or bands across the surface. This organization, referred to as a 'column', has been found with respect to one-dimensional stimulus para...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Fujita I,Tanaka K,Ito M,Cheng K

更新日期：1992-11-26 00:00:00

abstract：:In Dictyostelium discoideum, carbohydrate binding proteins (CBPs) or lectins have been implicated in the molecular basis of cellular cohesion. To determine the role of these CBPs, we have attempted to isolate structural gene mutants in which the CBPs have a defective affinity for carbohydrate ligands. We now report th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ray J,Shinnick T,Lerner R

更新日期：1979-05-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Vasopressin (VP) potentiates the effect of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary cells in vitro, and both CRF and VP have been found in portal blood. These data support the hypothesis that VP acts synergistically with CRF to cause the secret...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Whitnall MH,Mezey E,Gainer H

更新日期：1985-09-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) infected with avian sarcoma virus become rapidly transformed as a result of expression of the viral src gene in the form of a single polypeptide of molecular weight 60,000 (pp60src) with protein kinase activity and suggested preferential association with the plasma membrane. Studies with...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Witt DP,Gordon JA

更新日期：1980-09-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by professional phagocytes, including dendritic cells and macrophages, preserves immune self-tolerance and prevents chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathologies. The diverse array of phagocytes that reside within different tissues, combined with the necessarily prompt natu...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cummings RJ,Barbet G,Bongers G,Hartmann BM,Gettler K,Muniz L,Furtado GC,Cho J,Lira SA,Blander JM

更新日期：2016-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, including TET1, TET2 and TET3, convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and regulate gene transcription. However, the molecular mechanism by which TET family enzymes regulate gene transcription remains elusive. Using protein affinity purification, here we search for f...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chen Q,Chen Y,Bian C,Fujiki R,Yu X

更新日期：2013-01-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The spread of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has sustained a continuing search for new agents with antibacterial activity against this important class of bacterial pathogen. Because the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is unique to Gram-negative bacteria and required by them for growth and vir...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Goldman R,Kohlbrenner W,Lartey P,Pernet A

更新日期：1987-09-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Growth of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) requires high levels of hedgehog (HH) signalling through the transcription factor GLI. Although inhibitors of membrane protein smoothened (SMO) effectively suppress HH signalling, early tumour resistance illustrates the need for additional downstream targets for therapy. Here we ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Atwood SX,Li M,Lee A,Tang JY,Oro AE

更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Observations from cultured cells, animal models and patients raise the possibility that the dependency of tumours on the therapeutic drugs to which they have acquired resistance represents a vulnerability with potential applications in cancer treatment. However, for this drug addiction trait to become of clinical inte...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kong X,Kuilman T,Shahrabi A,Boshuizen J,Kemper K,Song JY,Niessen HWM,Rozeman EA,Geukes Foppen MH,Blank CU,Peeper DS

更新日期：2017-10-12 00:00:00

abstract：:How the brain selects appropriate sensory inputs and suppresses distractors is unknown. Given the well-established role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in executive function, its interactions with sensory cortical areas during attention have been hypothesized to control sensory selection. To test this idea and, more ge...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wimmer RD,Schmitt LI,Davidson TJ,Nakajima M,Deisseroth K,Halassa MM

更新日期：2015-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Light usually propagates inside transparent materials in well known ways. However, recent research has examined the possibility of modifying the way the light travels by taking a normal transparent dielectric and inserting tiny metallic inclusions of various shapes and arrangements. As light passes through these struc...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tsakmakidis KL,Boardman AD,Hess O

更新日期：2007-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Classical novae are the most common astrophysical thermonuclear explosions, occurring on the surfaces of white dwarf stars accreting gas from companions in binary star systems. Novae typically expel about 10(-4) solar masses of material at velocities exceeding 1,000 kilometres per second. However, the mechanism of mas...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chomiuk L,Linford JD,Yang J,O'Brien TJ,Paragi Z,Mioduszewski AJ,Beswick RJ,Cheung CC,Mukai K,Nelson T,Ribeiro VA,Rupen MP,Sokoloski JL,Weston J,Zheng Y,Bode MF,Eyres S,Roy N,Taylor GB

更新日期：2014-10-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Octopamine is highly concentrated in neurones of several invertebrate species. Unlike in mammals, octopaminergic neurones in invertebrates are spatially separated from catecholaminergic neurons. In identified nerve cells of Aplysia, however, this amine coexists with other putative neurotransmitters. Octopamine is synt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Axelrod J,Saavedra JM

更新日期：1977-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:CYCLINS are proteins synthesized during each cell cycle and abruptly destroyed in each mitosis. Cyclins have been implicated in the induction of mitosis and are associated with the serine-threonine protein kinase p34cdc2 as components of mitosis promoting factor (MPF). On the basis of conserved sequence motifs cyclins...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pines J,Hunter T

更新日期：1990-08-23 00:00:00

abstract：:More than twenty types of retinal ganglion cells conduct visual information from the eye to the rest of the brain. Each retinal ganglion cell type tessellates the retina in a regular mosaic, so that every point in visual space is processed for visual primitives such as contrast and motion. This information flows to tw...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Feinberg EH,Meister M

更新日期：2015-03-12 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA is involved in many biological functions, ranging from information storage and transfer to the catalysis of reactions involving both nucleic acids and proteins. Previous crystallographic studies on RNA oligomeric chains provide only averaged structures or information limited in resolution. The oligomer [U(U-A)6A]2...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dock-Bregeon AC,Chevrier B,Podjarny A,Moras D,deBear JS,Gough GR,Gilham PT,Johnson JE

更新日期：1988-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:We have developed a method for calculating the stability in water of protein structures, starting from their atomic coordinates. The contribution of each protein atom to the solvation free energy is estimated as the product of the accessibility of the atom to solvent and its atomic solvation parameter. Applications of...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Eisenberg D,McLachlan AD

更新日期：1986-01-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of the peptide hormone ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor, yielded the surprising result that the principal site of ghrelin synthesis is the stomach and not the hypothalamus. Although ghrelin is likely to regulate pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion along...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tschöp M,Smiley DL,Heiman ML

更新日期：2000-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Particle acceleration based on high intensity laser systems (a process known as laser-plasma acceleration) has achieved high quality particle beams that compare favourably with conventional acceleration techniques in terms of emittance, brightness and pulse duration. A long-term difficulty associated with laser-plasma...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Schwoerer H,Pfotenhauer S,Jäckel O,Amthor KU,Liesfeld B,Ziegler W,Sauerbrey R,Ledingham KW,Esirkepov T

更新日期：2006-01-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Double-walled carbon nanotubes are needed in a pure, highly crystalline form before features such as their electronic properties, thermal transport and mechanical behaviour can be investigated. Here we fabricate a paper-like material that consists of hexagonally packed bundles of clean, coaxial carbon nanotubes whose ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Endo M,Muramatsu H,Hayashi T,Kim YA,Terrones M,Dresselhaus MS

更新日期：2005-02-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The age of dense interstellar cloud cores, where stars and planets form, is a crucial parameter in star formation and difficult to measure. Some models predict rapid collapse, whereas others predict timescales of more than one million years (ref. 3). One possible approach to determining the age is through chemical cha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Brünken S,Sipilä O,Chambers ET,Harju J,Caselli P,Asvany O,Honingh CE,Kamiński T,Menten KM,Stutzki J,Schlemmer S

更新日期：2014-12-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Interfaces in heterostructures have been a key point of interest in condensed-matter physics for decades owing to a plethora of distinctive phenomena-such as rectification1, the photovoltaic effect2, the quantum Hall effect3 and high-temperature superconductivity4-and their critical roles in present-day technical devi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yang MM,Luo ZD,Mi Z,Zhao J,E SP,Alexe M

更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:53BP1 governs a specialized, context-specific branch of the classical non-homologous end joining DNA double-strand break repair pathway. Mice lacking 53bp1 (also known as Trp53bp1) are immunodeficient owing to a complete loss of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination1,2, and reduced fidelity of long-range V(D)J rec...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ghezraoui H,Oliveira C,Becker JR,Bilham K,Moralli D,Anzilotti C,Fischer R,Deobagkar-Lele M,Sanchiz-Calvo M,Fueyo-Marcos E,Bonham S,Kessler BM,Rottenberg S,Cornall RJ,Green CM,Chapman JR

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcium-dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles mediates the release of neurotransmitters. Important proteins in this process have been identified such as the SNAREs, synaptotagmins, complexins, Munc18 and Munc13. Structural and functional studies have yielded a wealth of information about the physiological role of ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Jahn R,Fasshauer D

更新日期：2012-10-11 00:00:00