Abstract:
:A sensitive assay for detection of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II has been developed. This assay depends on the ability of polymerase II to elongate a small RNA primer, oligo(U), hybridized to a single-stranded homopolymeric DNA template, poly(dA). The poly(dA).oligo(U)-dependent RNA polymerase II from calf thymus has been purified approximately 10,000-fold using this assay. The purified enzyme contains four polypeptides of apparent Mr 180,000, 140,000, 24,000, and 16,000 and is fully active in accurate initiation of transcription from the adenovirus major late promoter in the presence of transcription factors from HeLa cells. The poly(dA).oligo(U)-dependent RNA polymerase activity can be detected in crude cell extracts from a variety of tissue culture cells and appears to be largely due to polymerase II, since 90-95% of this activity is inhibited by alpha-amanitin at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Fradkin LG,Leong K,Morrow CD,Berk AJ,Dasgupta Adoi
10.1073/pnas.82.23.7979subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1985-12-01 00:00:00pages
7979-83issue
23eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
82pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We developed a method for rapidly generating thermostable enzyme variants. Our strategy is to introduce the gene coding for a given enzyme from a mesophilic organism into a thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus. Variants that retain the enzymatic activity at the higher growth temperatures of the thermophile are the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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doi:10.1073/pnas.83.3.576
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scleroderma is a chronic systemic disease that leads to fibrosis of affected organs. Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Smad proteins are signaling transducers downstream from TGF-beta receptors. Three families of Smads have been identified: (i) receptor-regul...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
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更新日期:2002-03-19 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10811
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To generate antibodies with different effector functions, B cells undergo Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR). The ligation step of CSR is usually mediated by the classical nonhomologous end-joining (cNHEJ) pathway. In cNHEJ-deficient cells, a remarkable ∼25% of CSR can be achieved by the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2010972117
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abstract::It is generally believed that serial passage at high multiplicity of infection (moi) is required for the generation of defective interfering (DI) particles. High levels of DI RNAs are found associated with persistent infections initiated with laboratory cultures of cucumber necrosis virus (CNV). Two synthetic CNV tran...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11153
更新日期:1991-12-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1972-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hybridization of human T cells with an azaguanine-resistant human T cell line gave rise to T hybrid cell lines secreting several immunoregulatory molecules. Analyses of karyotypes, HLA phenotypes, and other surface phenotypes, such as T-cell-specific antigens or receptors for sheep erythrocytes and the patterns of mit...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7717
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two types of benzodiazepine receptors have been demonstrated in mammalian tissues, one which is localized on neuronal elements in brain and the other, on glial cells and in peripheral tissues such as kidney. In vivo administration of 3H-labeled PK 11195 [1-(2-chlorophenyl-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline car...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sepiapterin reductase (7,8-dihydrobiopterin: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.153) catalyzes the terminal step in the biosynthetic pathway for tetrahydrobiopterin, the cofactor necessary for aromatic amino acid hydroxylation. We report here the isolation of a cDNA clone for rat liver sepiapterin reductase. The cDNA has ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6436
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper describes the state of the art in applications of voice-processing technologies. In the first part, technologies concerning the implementation of speech recognition and synthesis algorithms are described. Hardware technologies such as microprocessors and DSPs (digital signal processors) are discussed. Softw...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.22.10023
更新日期:1995-10-24 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza virus infections cause a wide variety of outcomes, from mild disease to 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and ∼290,000 to 645,000 deaths annually worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying these disparate outcomes are currently unknown. Glycosylation within the human host plays a critical role in in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2008203117
更新日期:2020-10-27 00:00:00
abstract::ARGONAUTE (AGO) RNA-binding proteins are involved in RNA silencing. They bind to short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) through a conserved PAZ domain, and, in animals, they assemble into a multisubunit RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The mammalian AGO2, termed Slicer, directs siRNA- and miRNA-me...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2005-08-16 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2010-09-28 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.12.4792
更新日期:1974-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estrogens control many physiological and behavioral processes, some of which are connected to reproduction. These include sexual and other social behaviors. Here we implicate four gene products in a micronet required for mammalian social recognition, through which an individual learns to recognize other individuals. F...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0631699100
更新日期:2003-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::The transacting activator of transduction (TAT) protein plays a key role in the progression of AIDS. Studies have shown that a +8 charged sequence of amino acids in the protein, called the TAT peptide, enables the TAT protein to penetrate cell membranes. To probe mechanisms of binding and translocation of the TAT pept...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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更新日期:2006-10-31 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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更新日期:2007-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::How did human cooperation evolve? Recent evidence shows that many people are willing to engage in altruistic punishment, voluntarily paying a cost to punish noncooperators. Although this behavior helps to explain how cooperation can persist, it creates an important puzzle. If altruistic punishment provides benefits to...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2005-05-10 00:00:00
abstract::The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network is crucial for cellular information processing and decision-making. With suitable inputs, PPI networks drive the cells to diverse functional outcomes such as cell proliferation or cell death. Here, we characterize the structural controllability of a large directed human PP...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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更新日期:2016-05-03 00:00:00
abstract::Many neurotransmitters are known to regulate neuronal cell function by means of activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and phosphorylation of neuronal substrate proteins, including transcription factors and ion channels. Here, we have characterized the gene expression of two isoforms of a protein kinase inh...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.5.1734
更新日期:1995-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays diverse roles during animal development and adult tissue homeostasis through differential regulation of Gli family transcription factors. Dysregulated Shh signaling activities have been linked to birth defects and tumorigenesis. Here we report that Brg, an ATP-dependent chromatin r...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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abstract::Receptor-binding specificity of HA, the major surface glycoprotein of influenza virus, primarily determines the host ranges that the virus can infect. Influenza type B virus almost exclusively infects humans and contributes to the annual "flu" sickness. Here we report the structures of influenza B virus HA in complex ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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doi:10.1073/pnas.0708363104
更新日期:2007-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Hox genes are conserved transcription factor-encoding genes that specify the identity of body regions in bilaterally symmetrical animals. In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, a member of the hemimetabolous insect group Orthoptera, the induction of a subset of mesodermal cells to form the primordial germ cells (PGCs) is...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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更新日期:2019-08-13 00:00:00
abstract::EcoRI endonuclease-generated DNA fragments carrying replication regions of the F'lac and R6-5 plasmids have been cloned and isolated, using as a selection vehicle a nonreplicating ampicillin-resistance DNA fragment derived from a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid. Heteroduplex analysis of the constructed plasmid chimeras ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.6.2242
更新日期:1975-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the success statistical physics has enjoyed at predicting the properties of materials for given parameters, the inverse problem, identifying which material parameters produce given, desired properties, is only beginning to be addressed. Recently, several methods have emerged across disciplines that draw upon o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1509316112
更新日期:2016-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::A transcription factor required for synthesis of accurately initiated run-off transcripts by RNA polymerase II has been purified and shown to have an associated DNA-dependent ATPase (dATPase) activity that is strongly stimulated by the TATA region of promoters. This transcription factor, designated delta, was purified...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.19.7356
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00