Abstract：
:The real-time iontophoretic method has measured volume fraction and tortuosity of the interstitial component of extracellular space in many regions and under different conditions. To interpret these data computer models of the interstitial space (ISS) of the brain are constructed by representing cells as Basic Cellular Structures (BCS) surrounded by a layer of ISS and replicating this combination to make a 3D ensemble that approximates brain tissue with a specified volume fraction. Tortuosity in such models is measured by releasing molecules of zero size into the ISS and allowing them to execute random walks in the ISS of the ensemble using a Monte Carlo algorithm. The required computational resources for such simulations may be high and here we show that in many situations the 3D problem may be reduced to a quasi-1D problem with consequent reduction in resources. We take the simplest BCS in the form of cubes and use MCell software to perform the Monte Carlo simulations but the analysis described here may be extended in principle to more complex BCS and an ISS that has a defined viscosity and an extracellular matrix that interacts with diffusing molecules. In the course of this study we found that the original analytical description of the relation between volume fraction and tortuosity for an ensemble of cubes may require a small correction.
journal_name
Neurochem Resjournal_title
Neurochemical researchauthors
Nicholson C,Kamali-Zare Pdoi
10.1007/s11064-019-02793-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-01-01 00:00:00pages
42-52issue
1eissn
0364-3190issn
1573-6903pii
10.1007/s11064-019-02793-6journal_volume
45pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:S100beta is a soluble protein released by glial cells mainly under the activation of the 5-HT1A receptor. It has been reported as a neuro-trophic and -tropic factor that promotes neurite maturation and outgrowth during development. This protein also plays a role in axonal stability and the plasticity underlying long-t...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-009-9915-x
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroprotective effects of metformin have been increasingly recognized in both diabetic and non-diabetic conditions. Thus far, no information has been available on the potential beneficial effects of metformin on peripheral nerve regeneration in diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to investigate such a p...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-015-1803-y
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Astrocytes have been considered to be transformed from radial glial cells that appear at early stage of development and play a scaffold-role for neuronal cell migration. Recent studies indicate that neuroepithelial cells in the spinal cord also give rise to astrocytes. However, the mode of astroglial generation and mi...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-008-9590-3
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Senescence of the central nervous system is characterized by a progressive loss of neurons that can result in physiological and behavioral impairments. Reduction in the levels of central neurotrophic factors or of neurotrophin receptors may be one of the causes of the onset of these degenerative events. Thus, a proper...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00995145
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review summarizes the recent research development on mammalian sialidase molecular cloning. Sialic acid-containing compounds are involved in several physiological processes, and sialidases, as glycohydrolytic enzymes that remove sialic acid residues, play a pivotal role as well. Sialidases hydrolyze the nonreduci...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1020276000901
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence has suggested that cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-contacting nucleus) is correlated with the development and recurrence of pain. A recent research showed that the CSF-contacting nucleus acts as a component of the descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system and plays a role in descending pain inh...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-016-1880-6
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of oxidative stress, induced by Fe(2+)-EDTA system, on Na+,K(+)-ATPase, Na+/CA2+ exchanger and membrane fluidity of synaptosomes was investigated. Synaptosomes isolated from gerbil whole forebrain were incubated in the presence of 200 microM FeSO4-EDTA per mg of protein at 37 degrees C for 30 min. The oxida...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1021918931780
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The serotoninergic system modulates nociceptive and locomotor spinal cord circuits. Exercise improves motor function and changes dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic central systems. However, the direct relationship between serotonin, peripheral nerve lesion and aerobic treadmill exercise has not been studied...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-009-0066-x
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of acute and chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States is more than 10,000 per year, resulting in 720 cases per million persons enduring permanent disability each year. The economic impact of SCI is estimated to be more than 4 billion dollars annually. Preclinical studies, case reports, and s...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11064-013-0991-6
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phosphate activated glutaminase (PAG) was assayed in whole homogenate and synaptosomes of cerebral cortex from normal or fasted for 120 h rats. The specific activity (s.a.) of PAG was found diminished by 25% in the whole homogenate from the fasted animals compared to the normal. On the contrary, fasting did not affect...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00965830
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experimental hyperphenylalaninemia has been induced in 5-day-old chicks by dietary treatments with phenylalanine and alpha-methylphenylalanine. An increase of nearly 8-fold in plasma Phe/Tyr ratio was found after 4 days of supplementation the standard diet with 5% phenylalanine plus 0.4% alpha-methylphenylalanine. The...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00973296
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that mechanisms involved in reward and mechanisms involved in learning interact, in that reward includes learning processes and learning includes reward processes. In spite of such interactions, reward and learning represent distinct functions. In the present study, as part of an examination ...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-007-9343-8
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activities of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), choline acetyltransferase (CAT), and cysteic and cysteinesulfinic acids decarboxylase (CAD/CSAD) in putamen and frontal cortex in both Huntington's chorea and normal tissues were measured. The greatest difference between Huntington's and no...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00964435
更新日期：1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subacute exposure to manganese (Mn) produced Parkinson's disease-like syndrome called Manganism. Chronic onset and progression are characteristics of Manganism, therefore, this study aimed to examine Mn toxicity following chronic exposures. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected Mn2+ 1 and 5 mg/kg, every 10 days for 1...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-020-03059-2
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes in oxygen consumption, body temperature and energy metabolism were studied while mice were repeatedly exposed to a sealed environment. The average tolerance limits of environmental oxygen level (vol%) and the average oxygen consumption rates (ml/g x min) were exponentially decreased and the average body rectal...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1021092023253
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several models for the transmission and progression of prion diseases have arisen, evolving with the acquisition of new experimental results. It is generally accepted that the PrP(Sc) protein is at least part of the infectious particle and the major protein component of the scrapie-associated fibrils (SAFs) that chara...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1023215207981
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The action of electroacupuncture (EA) may be similar to analgesia by electrode stimulation or transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Since EA may directly stimulate nerve activity or indirectly enhance the release of opiate peptides and other neurotransmitter substances, we have used (Na+ + K+)-ATPase as a model to study t...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00964513
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human formyl peptide receptor like 1 (FPRL-1) is a variant of the Gi-coupled formyl-peptide receptor. Functional FPRL-1 is endogenously expressed in the U87 astrocytoma cell line and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that FPRL-1 may be involved in neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of Alzhe...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-007-9425-7
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A sensitive and rapid assay method method for cysteic acid decarboxylase was develped which combined the selectivity of ion exchange resin (a complete retention of the substrate, cysteic acid, and exclusion of the product, taurine) with the speed of a vacuum filtration. The synthesis and purification of 35S-labeled cy...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00964144
更新日期：1979-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of axonal proteins display changes in phosphorylation during goldfish optic nerve regeneration (Larrivee and Grafstein, 1989). (1) To determine whether the phosphorylation of these proteins was closely linked to their synthesis in the retinal ganglion cell body, cycloheximide was injected intraocularly into g...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00965906
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Selective blockade of a subset of GABA(A) receptors may be involved in the antipsychotic effects of Clozapine and several other antipsychotic drugs. Seven antipsychotic drugs, and 11 drugs classified as antidepressants that only partially reverse the inhibitory effect of 1 microM GABA on [35S]TBPS binding, do not yiel...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1027359422433
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), exerts neuromodulatory actions via the activation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. There are eight known mGlu receptor subtypes (mGlu1-8), which are widely expressed throughout the brain, and are divided into three group...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11064-014-1415-y
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We identify and characterize two classes of immediate-early genes: (i) genes, induced by depolarization in neurons, that play a role in depolarization-induced neuronal plasticity and (ii) genes, induced in neuronal precursors by neurotrophins, that play a causal role in neurotrophin-directed neuronal differentiation. ...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1007546600535
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) was purified 746-fold with a 21% recovery from bovine brain by autolysis, fractional precipitation with acetone, carboxy-methyl-Sephadex chromatography, affinity chromatography on a cystamine containing column and gel filtration chromatography. The purified cathepsin B eluted on gel filtratio...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00965209
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Ca(2+)-dependent release of aspartate from hippocampal preparations was first reported 35 years ago, but the functional significance of this process remains uncertain. Aspartate satisfies all the criteria normally required for identification of a CNS transmitter. It is synthesized in nerve terminals, is accumulate...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s11064-010-0291-3
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. 3,3',4',7-Tetrahydroxyflavone (fisetin), a plant flavonoid has a variety of physiological effects such as antioxidant activity. In this study, we i...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-017-2445-z
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to explore effects of hypoxia, glucose deprivation (HGD) and recovery on expression and activities of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (rENT) and concentrative nucleoside transporters (rCNT) in rat astrocytes in primary culture. Amounts of cellular ATP in the control group (CG, 5% CO(2) ...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-010-0203-6
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current study investigated the neuroprotective activity of idebenone against pilocarpine-induced seizures and hippocampal injury in rats. Idebenone is a ubiquinone analog with antioxidant, and ATP replenishment effects. It is well tolerated and has low toxicity. Previous studies reported the protective effects of ...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s11064-014-1236-z
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synaptosomal membrane proteins solubilized with 8% CHAPS-8 M urea were analyzed with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). The membrane proteins were resolved up to 250 spots on a 2DE map, ranging in isoelectric points (pI) from 3.5 to 10.0 and molecular weights (MW) from 10 kDa to 200 kDa. Comparison of the mapped p...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00966203
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Attempts were made to solubilize acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from microsomal membranes isolated from rabbit white muscle. The preparative procedure included a step in which the microsomes were incubated in a solution containing high salt concentration (0.6 M KCl). About 15% of the total enzyme activity could be solubi...
journal_title：Neurochemical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00971007
更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00
