Abstract：
:Temporal-difference (TD) learning models afford the neuroscientist a theory-driven roadmap in the quest for the neural mechanisms of reinforcement learning. The application of these models to understanding the role of phasic midbrain dopaminergic responses in reward prediction learning constitutes one of the greatest success stories in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience. Critically, the classic learning paradigms associated with TD are poorly suited to cast light on its neural implementation, thus hampering progress. Here, we present a serial blocking paradigm in rodents that overcomes these limitations and allows for the simultaneous investigation of two cardinal TD tenets; namely, that learning depends on the computation of a prediction error, and that reinforcing value, whether intrinsic or acquired, propagates back to the onset of the earliest reliable predictor. The implications of this paradigm for the neural exploration of TD mechanisms are highlighted.
journal_name
Sci Repjournal_title
Scientific reportsauthors
Mahmud A,Petrov P,Esber GR,Iordanova MDdoi
10.1038/s41598-019-42244-4subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-04-12 00:00:00pages
5962issue
1issn
2045-2322pii
10.1038/s41598-019-42244-4journal_volume
9pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:An inexpensive and compact frequency multi-mode diode laser enables a compact two-photon polarization entanglement source via the continuous wave broadband pumped spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process. Entanglement degradation caused by polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is one of the critical issues i...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep25846
更新日期：2016-05-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Because of the small particle number of intracellular species participating in genetic circuits, stochastic fluctuations are inevitable. This intracellular noise is detrimental to precise regulation. To maintain the proper function of a cell, some natural motifs attenuate the noise at the protein level. In many biolog...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-019-39611-6
更新日期：2019-03-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The quest to 'forward-engineer' and fabricate biological machines remains a grand challenge. Towards this end, we have fabricated locomotive "bio-bots" from hydrogels and cardiomyocytes using a 3D printer. The multi-material bio-bot consisted of a 'biological bimorph' cantilever structure as the actuator to power the ...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep00857
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:2-(1-Undecyloxy)-1-ethanol, monochamol, is a male-produced aggregation pheromone of the Monochamus species, which are efficient vectors of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which cause devastating damage to pines worldwide. The nematicidal activity of synthetic monochamol and its homologues (RO...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep29300
更新日期：2016-07-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) have the potential to provide the entire fetal genome for prenatal testing. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of EVTs in the cervical canal and the ability to retrieve a small quantity of these cells by cervical sampling. However, these small quantities of trophoblasts ar...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-019-48346-3
更新日期：2019-08-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Heterostructures based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have sparked wide interests in both fundamental physics and applied devices. Recently, Dirac/Weyl semimetals are emerging as capable functional materials for optoelectronic devices. However, thus far the interfacial coupling of an all-semimetal 2D heterostructur...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-018-29717-8
更新日期：2018-08-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Rhodophiala bifida (R. bifida) is a representative of the Amaryllidaceae plant family and is rich in montanine, an alkaloid with high pharmaceutical potential. Despite the interest in these compounds, many steps of the biosynthetic pathway have not been elucidated. In this study, we identified the alkaloids produced i...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-019-44746-7
更新日期：2019-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Determining the success of eradication of an invasive species requires a way to decide when its risk of reoccurrence has become acceptably low. In Japan, the area populated by the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), is expanding, and eradication via chemical treatment is ongoing at various locations. One such pr...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-017-03516-z
更新日期：2017-06-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Antagonist pleiotropy, where a gene exerts a beneficial effect at early stages and a deleterious effect later on in an animal's life, may explain the evolutionary persistence of devastating genetic diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD). To date, however, there is little direct experimental evidence to support thi...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-018-37102-8
更新日期：2019-01-10 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of new materials with reduced noise and vibration levels is an active area of research due to concerns in various aspects of environmental noise pollution and its effects on health. Excessive vibrations also reduce the service live of the structures and limit the fields of their utilization. In oscilla...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-018-20670-0
更新日期：2018-02-06 00:00:00
abstract：:In Eastern Boundary Current systems, wind-driven upwelling drives nutrient-rich water to the ocean surface, making these regions among the most productive on Earth. Regulation of productivity by changing wind and/or nutrient conditions can dramatically impact ecosystem functioning, though the mechanisms are not well u...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep27612
更新日期：2016-06-09 00:00:00
abstract：:A subwoofer generates the lowest frequency range in loudspeaker systems. Subwoofers are used in audio systems for live concerts, movie theatres, home theatres, gaming consoles, cars, etc. During the last decades, numerical simulations have emerged as a cost- and time-efficient complement to traditional experiments in ...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-020-80092-9
更新日期：2021-01-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Prognostic biomarkers for the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are needed. Proteomic study on insulinoma has been rarely reported. We identified the differential expression of proteins between insulinoma and their paired tissues by proteomic analysis, and evaluated the prognostic significance of specific proteins in p...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-017-02051-1
更新日期：2017-05-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The non-protein amino acid β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin present in microalgae and shown to accumulate in the food web. BMAA has been linked to the complex neurodegenerative disorder of Guam and to increased incidents sporadic ALS. Two main neurotoxic routes are suggested; an excitotoxic by acting as ...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep29631
更新日期：2016-07-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Fungi play a key role in the functioning of soil in terrestrial ecosystems, and in particular in the remediation of degraded soils. The contribution of fungi to carbon and nutrient cycles, along with their capability to mobilise soil trace elements, is well-known. However, the importance of life history strategy for t...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-020-63194-2
更新日期：2020-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are attractive therapeutics for treating a wide range of human disorders, and bind to the antigen through their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Small stable proteins containing structurally retained CDRs are promising alternatives to mAbs. In this report, we present a method to...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-020-57713-4
更新日期：2020-01-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Rising temperatures in the Arctic cause accelerated mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet and reduced sea ice cover. Tidewater outlet glaciers represent direct connections between glaciers and the ocean where melt rates at the ice-ocean interface are influenced by ocean temperature and circulation. However, few measu...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-017-05089-3
更新日期：2017-07-10 00:00:00
abstract：:An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1038/s41598-020-63129-x
更新日期：2020-04-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The nanoscale molecular assembly of mammalian viruses during their infectious life cycle remains poorly understood. Their small dimensions, generally bellow the 300nm diffraction limit of light microscopes, has limited most imaging studies to electron microscopy. The recent development of super-resolution (SR) light m...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep29132
更新日期：2016-07-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis (TB) poses as the major cause of death among infectious diseases. The knowledge about the molecular diversity of M.tb enables the implementation of more effective surveillance and control measures and, nowadays, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) ...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-020-69755-9
更新日期：2020-07-30 00:00:00
abstract：:In sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) breeding, introgression of useful genes via intergeneric hybridization is a powerful strategy for improving the crop productivity. Erianthus arundinaceus shows great potential in terms of useful traits; however, little is known about the cytogenetic and agronomic characteristics of...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-018-38316-6
更新日期：2019-02-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) activity is known to have a significant response to El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Among the TC intensity classifications, "super typhoon", is widely used as a symbolic word for warning people about the potential for experiencing the most severe typhoon. This study...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-019-41561-y
更新日期：2019-03-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The coupling of the surface plasmon near-field into the sensing medium is key to the sensitivity of surface plasmon-based sensing devices. A low-index dielectric is necessary for the sensing medium to support a highly-penetrating surface plasmon evanescent field that extends well into the dielectric medium. The air-li...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-019-38859-2
更新日期：2019-02-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Proteins involved in genetic stability maintenance and safeguarding DNA replication act not only against cancer initiation but could also play a major role in sustaining cancer progression. Here, we report that the FANC pathway is highly expressed in metastatic melanoma harboring the oncogenic microphthalmia-associate...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep36539
更新日期：2016-11-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, yet current therapeutic treatments are inadequate due to a complex disease pathogenesis. The plant polyphenol apigenin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in a number of cell and animal models; however...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep31450
更新日期：2016-08-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Enhanced oil recovery using low-salinity solutions to sweep sandstone reservoirs is a widely-practiced strategy. The mechanisms governing this remain unresolved. Here, we elucidate the role of Ca2+ by combining chemical force microscopy (CFM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We probe the influence of electroly...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-017-10327-9
更新日期：2017-09-08 00:00:00
abstract：:A three-year-long field experiment was conducted in a continuous grazing system with a variable stocking rate to evaluate effects of increasing nitrogen levels in Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich Stapf "marandu") on herbage mass, forage accumulation rate (FAR), forage quality, stocking rate (SR), ...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-019-44138-x
更新日期：2019-05-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The sustainable use of common pool resources has become a significant global challenge. It is now widely accepted that specific mechanisms such as community-based management strategies, institutional responses such as resource privatization, information availability and emergent social norms can be used to constrain i...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-017-02151-y
更新日期：2017-05-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Alterations in muscle milieu are suggested as important activity of peripheral drive in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). Microdialysis (MD) has been used in monitoring altered metabolic response pattern in muscles. However, the insertion of MD probe causes a local tissue trauma. Whether and how metabo...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41598-018-21185-4
更新日期：2018-02-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Phytoplasmas (class, Mollicutes) are insect-transmissible and plant-pathogenic bacteria that multiply intracellularly in both plants and insects through host switching. Our previous study revealed that phytoplasmal sigma factor rpoD of OY-M strain (rpoDOY) could be a key regulator of host switching, because the expres...
journal_title：Scientific reports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/srep11893
更新日期：2015-07-07 00:00:00
