Abstract:
:The incidence rates of a wide range of diseases and conditions have increased over the last decades. There is controversy over the origin of these increases, whether they are caused by exposure to compounds thought to have an effect on the endocrine system, the "endocrine disruption theory", or whether some other factor is responsible. In this analysis, the authors take a closer look at the role that changes in reproductive factors have played in this respect. They apply the relative risks of age at first pregnancy and parity or family size to a set of Dutch demographic data from 1955 and 2015 and calculate the percentage of disease increase explained. The decrease in parity over the last decades explains an increase of 26% in testicular cancer. The combination of decrease in parity and increase in maternal age at first pregnancy explains an increase of 34% in hypospadias prevalence. This combination of decreased parity and increased maternal age at pregnancy explains an increase of 24% in childhood obesity prevalence. The authors further point to a perhaps even more profound effect of the trend toward smaller families. This trend has led to an estimated doubling of the proportion of children born from subfertile couples. Since children born from subfertile couples are more likely to be preterm or of low birth weight, the incidence of these conditions must have increased as well. Low birth weight and preterm delivery are risk factors for a wide range of diseases and conditions. The changes in human reproduction over the last decades have had a profound impact on the incidence of a range of diseases and conditions in the next generation and thus provide a sound explanation for a substantial portion of the reported increases. Key messages The incidence rates of a wide range of diseases and conditions have increased in the Western societies over the last decades. Many have argued that these increases are attributable to compounds thought to have effects on the human endocrine system: the endocrine disruption theory This analysis shows, however, that human reproductive factors such as maternal age at first pregnancy and parity explain substantial proportions of the reported increases.
journal_name
Crit Rev Toxicoljournal_title
Critical reviews in toxicologyauthors
Swaen GMH,Boffetta P,Zeegers Mdoi
10.1080/10408444.2018.1541073subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-10-01 00:00:00pages
789-795issue
9eissn
1040-8444issn
1547-6898journal_volume
48pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Carrageenan is a high-molecular-weight, strongly anionic polymer derived from several species of red seaweed that is used for the textural stabilization of foods. Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (PES) is a form of carrageenan with a higher cellulose content. Food-grade carrageenan has a weight average molecular weight grea...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/20024091064282
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endp...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/713611043
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetic basis for the design of toxicity tests is discussed with reference to the absorption and clearance of drugs. The absorption and clearance of a wide range of drugs by laboratory animals and man has been examined and reviewed to provide a firm basis against which new drugs can be compared. Some pitfa...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448409044214
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral absorption efficiency is an important factor to consider in human risk assessment and varies widely between elements. Linking absorption efficiency to chemical properties facilitates the understanding of underlying processes and enables extrapolation across elements. In our study, oral absorption efficiency in hu...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.813906
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment and are widely used in medical science (e.g. bioimaging, diagnosis, and drug therapy delivery). Due to unique physicochemical properties, they are able to cross many barriers, which is not possible for traditional drugs. Nevertheless, exposure to NPs and their following ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1719974
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Valproic acid (VPA) has long been known to cause spina bifida, a neural tube defect, and other effects in fetuses of women treated with this drug. Toxicological tests in laboratory mice and rats at human therapeutic doses also show neural tube and other defects. Studies show that VPA alters Wnt signaling in human and ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440591007403
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Saturation diving is performed under extreme environmental conditions. The divers are confined to a limited space for several weeks under high environmental pressure and elevated oxygen partial pressure. At present, divers are protected against chemical exposure by standard exposure limits only adjusted for the increa...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2011.650791
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although animal models cannot exactly replicate human psychiatric disorders, they may be useful to investigate whether the behaviors associated with certain exposures in animals parallel those observed in people. According to the most current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, autism...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.907772
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408440802026356
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroexcitatory symptoms of acute poisoning of vertebrates by pyrethroids are related to the ability of these insecticides to modify electrical activity in various parts of the nervous system. Repetitive nerve activity, particularly in the sensory nervous system, membrane depolarization, and enhanced neurotransmitter ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449009089875
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) provides a framework and process for evaluating different toxicological studies based on quality and relevance of the results. This framework allows for data from these studies to be combined in separate lines of evidence to address causality, and relevance to environmental risks...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2019.1701985
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449209146312
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toxicological and epidemiological evidence on the association between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and birth/fetal weight was assessed. An extensive search for toxicological information in rats and mice, and a systematic search for epidemiological evidence were conducted. The l...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2016.1271972
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine wit...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448709089856
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.770820
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial systems have long been of use in toxicology. In addition to providing general models of enzymes and paradigms for biochemistry and molecular biology, they have been adapted to practical genotoxicity assays. More recently, bacteria also have been used in the production of mammalian enzymes of relevance to tox...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449609037477
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been implicated on occasion. The historic involvement of tuna and mackerel in histamine poisoning led to the longtime us...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448609023767
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung cancer mortality (LCM) has been associated with smoking and air pollution. This article draws on smoking relationships to clarify air pollution relationships. We analyzed cohort and population-based smoking studies and identified effects of latency and cumulative exposures. We found cogent relationships through l...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2019.1700210
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitation of morphological changes in the nervous system is valuable for demonstrating different regions and cell types involved in a pathological process. Quantitative anatomical studies are numerous, whereas quantitations of pathological conditions are relatively few. This seems to be due partly to technical diff...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448209037456
更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the first half of the twentieth century epidemiologic evidence linked elevated incidences of pulmonary fibrosis and cancer with inhalation of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, a family of naturally occurring inorganic fibrous materials. As the serpentine and amphibole forms of asbestos were phased out, synthetic...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/20014091111965
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article is a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative features of the dose response for neuroprotective agents and their underlying mechanistic foundations. The data were derived from published studies using numerous primary neuronal cell cultures and neuronal cell lines. These biological models assessed norm...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440801981973
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The IPCS Human Relevance Framework was evaluated for a DNA-reactive (genotoxic) carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, based on a wealth of data in animals and humans. The mode of action involves metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation, followed by N-esterification leading to the formation of a reactive electrophile, which bind...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408440600977651
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph concluding there was strong evidence for genotoxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate formulations and moderate evidence for genotoxicity of the metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). These conclusions contradicted earlier extens...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10408444.2016.1214680
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two important challenges for inhalation toxicologists involve the elucidation of mechanisms of lung toxicity caused by inhalation of chemicals or particulate materials, as well as the extrapolation of animal data to humans. Because risk estimates of toxicity generally are dependent upon experimental data for which a v...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448909037474
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, p...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.1003423
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Styrene is metabolized to styrene oxide, a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen. Styrene oxide reacts with DNA mainly at the N-7 position in guanine, but also at other sites and with other bases. Substitution occurs at both the alpha- and beta-positions of the styrene molecule. Experiments with radiolabeled styrene an...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408449409020139
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the late 1960s the artificial sweetener cyclamate was implicated as a bladder carcinogen in rats. This finding and other concerns about its safety ultimately led to a ban on cyclamate in the U.S. and restrictions on its use in many other countries. Since that time, the carcinogenic potential of cyclamate and cycloh...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408448609037465
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in our environment and can cause cancer. Exposure to PAHs can be assessed by protein adduct dosimetry using benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a model compound. We present an overview of analytical methods to detect B[a]P- derived protein adducts in humans, their uses in e...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408440903283633
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We developed a population physiology model, physB, which provides a statistical description of the physiological characteristics in the human population, in terms of the physiological parameters that are needed in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. The model predicts individual organ weights, blood flows...
journal_title:Critical reviews in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.709225
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00