Hormetic responses in neural systems: consideration, contexts, and caveats.

abstract：:The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hare L

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As long as no effective malaria vaccine is available, chemotherapy belongs to the most important weapons fighting malaria. One of the most promising new drug developments is the sesquiterpene artemisinin (ARS) and its derivatives, e.g., artemether, arteether, and sodium artesunate. Large clinical studies and meta-anal...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Efferth T,Kaina B

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The critical review of the literature cited on pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and safety assessment clearly demonstrates that cocoa per se has not attracted a great deal of scientific interest because of its long-term usage with no reported adverse effects that would be injurious to man. On the other hand, a gr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Tarka SM Jr

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Due to the rapid development of a diverse array of nanoparticles, used in a wide variety of products, there are now many international activities to assess the potential toxicity of these materials. These particles are developed due to properties such as catalytic reactivity, high surface area, light emission properti...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Stone V,Johnston H,Schins RP

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When assessing cancer hazard and risk associated with a complex petroleum substance, like bitumen emissions, there are often conflicting results related to human, animal and mechanistic studies. Validation of the complex composition to assure that it matches real-world exposures and control of confounders are pivotal ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kriech AJ,Schreiner CA,Osborn LV,Riley AJ

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently concluded that there is likely to be a causal relationship between short-term (< 30 days) ozone exposure and cardiovascular (CV) effects; however, biological mechanisms to link transient effects with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been established. S...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goodman JE,Prueitt RL,Sax SN,Pizzurro DM,Lynch HN,Zu K,Venditti FJ

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroexcitatory symptoms of acute poisoning of vertebrates by pyrethroids are related to the ability of these insecticides to modify electrical activity in various parts of the nervous system. Repetitive nerve activity, particularly in the sensory nervous system, membrane depolarization, and enhanced neurotransmitter ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Vijverberg HP,van den Bercken J

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Little consistency exists in the methodology for toxicological testing of aerosolized nanoparticles used in in vitro, air-interfaced culture (AIC) exposure systems for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) risk-assessment, preventing inter-laboratory comparisons to identify dose thresholds for adverse effects. These inconsi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Secondo LE,Liu NJ,Lewinski NA

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toxicological and epidemiological evidence on the association between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and birth/fetal weight was assessed. An extensive search for toxicological information in rats and mice, and a systematic search for epidemiological evidence were conducted. The l...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Negri E,Metruccio F,Guercio V,Tosti L,Benfenati E,Bonzi R,La Vecchia C,Moretto A

更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in our environment and can cause cancer. Exposure to PAHs can be assessed by protein adduct dosimetry using benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a model compound. We present an overview of analytical methods to detect B[a]P- derived protein adducts in humans, their uses in e...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Käfferlein HU,Marczynski B,Mensing T,Brüning T

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been implicated on occasion. The historic involvement of tuna and mackerel in histamine poisoning led to the longtime us...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taylor SL

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Styrene is metabolized to styrene oxide, a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen. Styrene oxide reacts with DNA mainly at the N-7 position in guanine, but also at other sites and with other bases. Substitution occurs at both the alpha- and beta-positions of the styrene molecule. Experiments with radiolabeled styrene an...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Phillips DH,Farmer PB

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hollins DM,McKinley MA,Williams C,Wiman A,Fillos D,Chapman PS,Madl AK

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an iatrogenic scleroderma-like fibrosing systemic disorder occurring in patients with severe or end-stage renal disease. It was established as a new clinical entity in the year 2000. A causal role for gadolinium chelates (GC), widely used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Idée JM,Fretellier N,Robic C,Corot C

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kier LD,Kirkland DJ

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative features of the dose response for neuroprotective agents and their underlying mechanistic foundations. The data were derived from published studies using numerous primary neuronal cell cultures and neuronal cell lines. These biological models assessed norm...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although benzene is best known as a compound that causes bone marrow depression leading to aplastic anemia in animals and humans, it also induces acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. The epidemiological evidence for leukemogenesis in humans is contrasted with the results of animal bioassays. This review focuses on se...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Snyder R,Kalf GF

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the first half of the twentieth century epidemiologic evidence linked elevated incidences of pulmonary fibrosis and cancer with inhalation of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, a family of naturally occurring inorganic fibrous materials. As the serpentine and amphibole forms of asbestos were phased out, synthetic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Warheit DB,Hart GA,Hesterberg TW,Collins JJ,Dyer WM,Swaen GM,Castranova V,Soiefer AI,Kennedy GL Jr

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shoc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Sanders BM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 30 years, thousands of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been published for all sorts of chemicals acting on many forms of life or parts thereof (DNA, enzymes, organelles, etc.). Very little effort has been made to show the relationship among these equations. In this report, we ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hansch C,Telzer BR,Zhang L

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We developed a population physiology model, physB, which provides a statistical description of the physiological characteristics in the human population, in terms of the physiological parameters that are needed in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. The model predicts individual organ weights, blood flows...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bosgra S,van Eijkeren J,Bos P,Zeilmaker M,Slob W

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endp...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ,Baldwin LA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The weight of the evidence from metabolic studies, short-term tests, animal bioassays, and epidemiological studies indicates that cyclamate (CHS) is not carcinogenic by itself; however, there is evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in animals that implies it may have cancer-promoting or cocarcinogenic activity. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ahmed FE,Thomas DB

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goldman JM,Laws SC,Balchak SK,Cooper RL,Kavlock RJ

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitation of morphological changes in the nervous system is valuable for demonstrating different regions and cell types involved in a pathological process. Quantitative anatomical studies are numerous, whereas quantitations of pathological conditions are relatively few. This seems to be due partly to technical diff...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Diemer NH

更新日期：1982-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ubiquitous in most regions of the world. The most commonly studied PFASs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Animal studies indicate that maternal PFAS exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth. Howeve...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bach CC,Bech BH,Brix N,Nohr EA,Bonde JP,Henriksen TB

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a significant threat to global health. It originated in Wuhan, China and caused a total of 83,483 confirmed cases and 4634 deaths until June 2020. This novel virus spread primarily through respiratory...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Rai NK,Ashok A,Akondi BR

更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rare adverse reactions to drugs that are of unknown etiology, or idiosyncratic reactions, can produce severe medical complications or even death in patients. Current hypotheses suggest that metabolic activation of a drug to a reactive intermediate is a necessary, yet insufficient, step in the generation of an idiosync...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Walgren JL,Mitchell MD,Thompson DC

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment and are widely used in medical science (e.g. bioimaging, diagnosis, and drug therapy delivery). Due to unique physicochemical properties, they are able to cross many barriers, which is not possible for traditional drugs. Nevertheless, exposure to NPs and their following ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Azarnezhad A,Samadian H,Jaymand M,Sobhani M,Ahmadi A

更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a conseq...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Møller P,Scholten RH,Roursgaard M,Krais AM

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00