Pharmacological enhancement of neuronal survival.

abstract：:Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Deferm N,De Vocht T,Qi B,Van Brantegem P,Gijbels E,Vinken M,de Witte P,Bouillon T,Annaert P

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 30 years, thousands of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been published for all sorts of chemicals acting on many forms of life or parts thereof (DNA, enzymes, organelles, etc.). Very little effort has been made to show the relationship among these equations. In this report, we ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hansch C,Telzer BR,Zhang L

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article characterizes the occurrence of biphasic dose responses by adenosine and its stable analogs in numerous systems, including the respiratory tract, kidney, cardiovascular system, and brain. Considerable mechanistic research on various systems explored and clarified the interactions of the A-1 and A-2 recept...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an iatrogenic scleroderma-like fibrosing systemic disorder occurring in patients with severe or end-stage renal disease. It was established as a new clinical entity in the year 2000. A causal role for gadolinium chelates (GC), widely used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Idée JM,Fretellier N,Robic C,Corot C

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure biomarkers, which have long been restricted to the framework of occupational hygiene, currently arouse increasing interest in the field of environmental pollution. To assess their validity, we propose here a conceptual framework that is based on their intrinsic characteristics and on properties related to the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Dor F,Dab W,Empereur-Bissonnet P,Zmirou D

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a ubiquitous atmospheric pollutant due to the widespread prevalence of both natural and anthropogenic sources, and it can be a respiratory irritant when inhaled at elevated concentrations. Evidence for health effects of ambient NO2 derives from three types of studies: observational epidemiolo...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hesterberg TW,Bunn WB,McClellan RO,Hamade AK,Long CM,Valberg PA

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that include the fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, the phthalate ester industrial plasticizers, the phenoxy acid herbicides, and the anti-wetting corrosion inhibitors perfluorinated straight-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids. Administration of these chem...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Youssef J,Badr M

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The weight of the evidence from metabolic studies, short-term tests, animal bioassays, and epidemiological studies indicates that cyclamate (CHS) is not carcinogenic by itself; however, there is evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in animals that implies it may have cancer-promoting or cocarcinogenic activity. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ahmed FE,Thomas DB

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The toxicological profiles of monopropylene glycol (MPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG; including tetra-rich oligomers) are collectively reviewed, and assessed considering regulatory toxicology endpoints. The review confirms a rich data set for these compounds, cov...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fowles JR,Banton MI,Pottenger LH

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goldman JM,Laws SC,Balchak SK,Cooper RL,Kavlock RJ

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Little consistency exists in the methodology for toxicological testing of aerosolized nanoparticles used in in vitro, air-interfaced culture (AIC) exposure systems for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) risk-assessment, preventing inter-laboratory comparisons to identify dose thresholds for adverse effects. These inconsi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Secondo LE,Liu NJ,Lewinski NA

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kier LD,Kirkland DJ

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:trans-Resveratrol, a polyphenolic stilbene of plant origin is structurally similar to natural and synthetic estrogens and has been classified a phytoestrogen. Direct binding of resveratrol to the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and modulation of its genomic activity was among the first of its reported pharmacological a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Qasem RJ

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential carcinogenicity of beryllium has been a topic of study since the mid-1940s. Since then, numerous scientific and regulatory bodies have assigned beryllium to various categories with respect to its carcinogenicity. Past epidemiologic and animal studies, however, have been marked with notable methodological...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hollins DM,McKinley MA,Williams C,Wiman A,Fillos D,Chapman PS,Madl AK

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2004) recently reevaluated the epidemiological data on formaldehyde and concluded that there was "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukaemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde." This conclusion was tempered since a mechani...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Golden R,Pyatt D,Shields PG

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant protection products (PPPs) and the active substance(s) contained within them are rigorously and comprehensively tested prior to registration to ensure that human health is not impacted by their use. In recent years, there has been a widespread drive to have more relevant testing strategies (e.g., ILSI/HESI-ACSA ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Terry C,Rasoulpour RJ,Saghir S,Marty S,Gollapudi BB,Billington R

更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shoc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Sanders BM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hare L

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroexcitatory symptoms of acute poisoning of vertebrates by pyrethroids are related to the ability of these insecticides to modify electrical activity in various parts of the nervous system. Repetitive nerve activity, particularly in the sensory nervous system, membrane depolarization, and enhanced neurotransmitter ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Vijverberg HP,van den Bercken J

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial systems have long been of use in toxicology. In addition to providing general models of enzymes and paradigms for biochemistry and molecular biology, they have been adapted to practical genotoxicity assays. More recently, bacteria also have been used in the production of mammalian enzymes of relevance to tox...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Guengerich FP,Gillam EM,Shimada T

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toxicological and epidemiological evidence on the association between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and birth/fetal weight was assessed. An extensive search for toxicological information in rats and mice, and a systematic search for epidemiological evidence were conducted. The l...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Negri E,Metruccio F,Guercio V,Tosti L,Benfenati E,Bonzi R,La Vecchia C,Moretto A

更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taradach C,Greaves P

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a conseq...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Møller P,Scholten RH,Roursgaard M,Krais AM

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine wit...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Horton AA,Fairhurst S

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In order to minimize risks to human and environmental health, chemical safety assessment programs are being reinforced with toxicity tests more specifically designed for detecting endocrine disrupters. This includes the necessity to detect thyroid-disrupting chemicals, which may operate through a variety of modes of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Pickford DB

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The application of chemical-specific toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic data to address interspecies differences and human variability in the quantification of hazard has potential to reduce uncertainty and better characterize variability compared with the use of traditional default or categorically-based uncertainty fact...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bhat VS,Meek MEB,Valcke M,English C,Boobis A,Brown R

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ubiquitous in most regions of the world. The most commonly studied PFASs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Animal studies indicate that maternal PFAS exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth. Howeve...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bach CC,Bech BH,Brix N,Nohr EA,Bonde JP,Henriksen TB

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in specia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ueno Y

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, p...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Alves VL,Gonçalves JL,Aguiar J,Teixeira HM,Câmara JS

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00